How to format your references using the Lethaia citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Lethaia. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Hatfull, G.F. 2002: Microbiology. A tail of two specifi-cities. Science (New York, N.Y.) 295, 2031–2032.

A journal article with 2 authors

Sheehan, M.J. & Tibbetts, E.A. 2011: Specialized face learning is associated with individual recognition in paper wasps. Science (New York, N.Y.) 334, 1272–1275.

A journal article with 3 authors

Coyte, K.Z., Schluter, J. & Foster, K.R. 2015: The ecology of the microbiome: Networks, competition, and stability. Science (New York, N.Y.) 350, 663–666.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Kvavadze, E., Bar-Yosef, O., Belfer-Cohen, A., Boaretto, E., Jakeli, N., Matskevich, Z. & Meshveliani, T. 2009: 30,000-year-old wild flax fibers. Science (New York, N.Y.) 325, 1359.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Flood, B.G. 2013: Wealth Exposed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Ambrosetti, A. 2006: Perturbation Methods and Semilinear Elliptic Problems on Rn. Malchiodi, A. (Ed.), Progress in Mathematics. , Vol. 240. Birkhäuser, Basel.

A chapter in an edited book

Crawford, K. 2013: Revealing Small-Scale Details, 73–95. In: Gendler, R. (Ed.), Lessons from the Masters: Current Concepts in Astronomical Image Processing. Springer, New York, NY.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Lethaia.

Blog post

Andrew, E. 2014: Study Strengthens Link Between Prenatal Pesticide Exposure and Autism. IFLScience. Downloaded from https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/study-strengthens-link-between-prenatal-pesticide-exposure-and-autism/ on 30 October 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1991: Department of Education GMR. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Klein, J. 2017: Mississippian Space and Place: A Geographical Study of Archaeological Site Data in the American Bottom.: Doctoral dissertation, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL: pp.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Prochnik, G. 2013: I’m Thinking. Please. Be Quiet. New York Times, SR4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Hatfull 2002).
This sentence cites two references (Hatfull 2002; Sheehan & Tibbetts 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Sheehan & Tibbetts 2011)
Three or more authors: (Kvavadze et al. 2009)

About the journal

Full journal title	Lethaia
Abbreviation	Lethaia
ISSN (print)	0024-1164
ISSN (online)	1502-3931
Scope	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics Palaeontology