How to format your references using the Lethaia citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Lethaia. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Foster, K.R. 2005: Biomedicine. Hamiltonian medicine: why the social lives of pathogens matter. Science (New York, N.Y.) 308, 1269–1270.

A journal article with 2 authors

Kawasaki, H. & Taira, K. 2004: Induction of DNA methylation and gene silencing by short interfering RNAs in human cells. Nature 431, 211–217.

A journal article with 3 authors

Seiffert, E.R., Simons, E.L. & Attia, Y. 2003: Fossil evidence for an ancient divergence of lorises and galagos. Nature 422, 421–424.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Yamamoto, M., Saijoh, Y., Perea-Gomez, A., Shawlot, W., Behringer, R.R., Ang, S.-L., Hamada, H. & Meno, C. 2004: Nodal antagonists regulate formation of the anteroposterior axis of the mouse embryo. Nature 428, 387–392.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Doldi, L. 2005: Validation of Communications Systems with SDL. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

2009: The Social and Economic Roots of the Scientific Revolution: Texts by Boris Hessen and Henryk Grossmann. Freudenthal, G., McLaughlin, P. (Eds.), Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. , Vol. 278. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.

A chapter in an edited book

Patterson, C. 2015: The Role of Surgery in Pulmonary Hypertension, 147–170. In: Madden, B. (Ed.), Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Lethaia.

Blog post

Luntz, S. 2015: Survival Of Dust Disks Near Galactic Center A Mystery. IFLScience. Downloaded from https://www.iflscience.com/space/survival-dust-disks-near-galactic-center-mystery/ on 30 October 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1977: Concerted Effort Needed to Improve Indian Education. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Gary, M. 2017: Home Range and Habitat Use of Juvenile Green Turtles in a Shallow Tidal Environment.: Doctoral dissertation, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL: pp.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Davey, M. & Walsh, M.W. 2014: Plan to Exit Bankruptcy Is Approved for Detroit. New York Times, A11.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Foster 2005).
This sentence cites two references (Kawasaki & Taira 2004; Foster 2005).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Kawasaki & Taira 2004)
Three or more authors: (Yamamoto et al. 2004)

About the journal

Full journal title	Lethaia
Abbreviation	Lethaia
ISSN (print)	0024-1164
ISSN (online)	1502-3931
Scope	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics Palaeontology