How to format your references using the Learning and Individual Differences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Learning and Individual Differences. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Maller, J. L. (2003). Signal transduction. Fishing at the cell surface. Science (New York, N.Y.), 300(5619), 594–595.

A journal article with 2 authors

Baumann, P., & Cech, T. R. (2001). Pot1, the putative telomere end-binding protein in fission yeast and humans. Science (New York, N.Y.), 292(5519), 1171–1175.

A journal article with 3 authors

Kalisz, S., Vogler, D. W., & Hanley, K. M. (2004). Context-dependent autonomous self-fertilization yields reproductive assurance and mixed mating. Nature, 430(7002), 884–887.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Pfitzner, C., Schröder, I., Scheungraber, C., Dogan, A., Runnebaum, I. B., Dürst, M., & Häfner, N. (2014). Digital-Direct-RT-PCR: a sensitive and specific method for quantification of CTC in patients with cervical carcinoma. Scientific Reports, 4, 3970.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Anderson, J. B., & Johannesson, R. (2005). Understanding Information Transmission. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Dayou, J. (2014). Ground-Based Aerosol Optical Depth Measurement Using Sunphotometers (J. H. W. Chang & J. Sentian, Eds.). Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Shimizu, Y., & Williams, G. (2013). Studying Learners in Intercultural Contexts. In M. A. (ken) Clements, A. J. Bishop, C. Keitel, J. Kilpatrick, & F. K. S. Leung (Eds.), Third International Handbook of Mathematics Education (pp. 145–167). Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Learning and Individual Differences.

Blog post

Andrew, E. (2013, October 1). The True Price of Shark Fin Soup. IFLScience; IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/true-price-shark-fin-soup/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1991). Tax System Modernization: Further Testing of IRS’ Automated Taxpayer Service Systems Is Needed (IMTEC-91-42). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Winhusen, E. R. (2001). Precambrian Seawater Temperature Analysis Using Oxygen Isotopes from Hamersley Carbonates, Western Australia [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Cincinnati.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kenigsberg, B. (2017, September 7). Film Series. New York Times, C22.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Maller, 2003).
This sentence cites two references (Baumann & Cech, 2001; Maller, 2003).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Baumann & Cech, 2001)
Three authors: (Kalisz et al., 2004)
6 or more authors: (Pfitzner et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Learning and Individual Differences
Abbreviation	Learn. Individ. Differ.
ISSN (print)	1041-6080
Scope	Developmental and Educational Psychology Social Psychology Education