How to format your references using the Lasers in Medical Science citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Lasers in Medical Science. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Driehuys B (2006) Chemistry. Toward molecular imaging with xenon MRI. Science 314:432–433

A journal article with 2 authors

Kim SV, Flavell RA (2004) Immunology. CD8alphaalpha and T cell memory. Science 304:529–530

A journal article with 3 authors

Medzhitov R, Schneider DS, Soares MP (2012) Disease tolerance as a defense strategy. Science 335:936–941

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Gauthier-Clerc M, Le Maho Y, Clerquin Y, et al (2000) Penguin fathers preserve food for their chicks. Nature 408:928–929

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Schuenemeyer JH, Drew LJ (2010) Statistics for Earth and Environmental Scientists. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Frerich S, Meisen T, Richert A, et al (2016) Engineering Education 4.0: Excellent Teaching and Learning in Engineering Sciences. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Brockmann JM, Roese-Koerner L, Schuh W-D (2014) Use of High Performance Computing for the Rigorous Estimation of Very High Degree Spherical Harmonic Gravity Field Models. In: Marti U (ed) Gravity, Geoid and Height Systems: Proceedings of the IAG Symposium GGHS2012, October 9-12, 2012, Venice, Italy. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 27–33

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Lasers in Medical Science.

Blog post

Fang J (2014) World’s Second Largest Impact Crater Was Made by a Comet. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/worlds-second-largest-impact-crater-was-made-comet/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1989) Space Operations: NASA’s Communications Support for Earth Orbiting Spacecraft. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Johnson L (2017) The Relationship between Mock Jurors’ Locus of Control, Belief in a Just World, and an NGRI Verdict. Doctoral dissertation, Southern Illinois University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Gustines GG (2016) New York Comic Con Takes On Scalpers. New York Times C3

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Lasers in Medical Science
Abbreviation	Lasers Med. Sci.
ISSN (print)	0268-8921
ISSN (online)	1435-604X
Scope	Dermatology Surgery