How to format your references using the Laparoscopic, Endoscopic and Robotic Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Laparoscopic, Endoscopic and Robotic Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Blobel G. Christian de Duve (1917-2013). Nature. 2013;498(7454):300.

A journal article with 2 authors

Selosse MA, Rousset F. Evolution. The plant-fungal marketplace. Science. 2011;333(6044):828-829.

A journal article with 3 authors

Umari P, Mosconi E, De Angelis F. Relativistic GW calculations on CH3NH3PbI3 and CH3NH3SnI3 perovskites for solar cell applications. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4467.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Johnston AM, Raven JA, Beardall J, Leegood RC. Carbon fixation. Photosynthesis in a marine diatom. Nature. 2001;412(6842):40-41.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Rieth M. Pharmazeutische Mikrobiologie. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2012.

An edited book

Noguchi M, ed. ZEMCH: Toward the Delivery of Zero Energy Mass Custom Homes. Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

Boy de la Tour T, Peltier N. Analogy in Automated Deduction: A Survey. In: Prade H, Richard G, eds. Computational Approaches to Analogical Reasoning: Current Trends. Studies in Computational Intelligence. Springer; 2014:103-130.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Laparoscopic, Endoscopic and Robotic Surgery.

Blog post

Andrew E. How To Beat Exam Stress With Just The Power Of Your Brain. IFLScience. May 29, 2016. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/brain/how-beat-exam-stress-just-power-your-brain/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Space Transportation: The Content and Uses of Shuttle Cost Estimates. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1993.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Obi CN. Evaluation of Feeding Varying Levels of Digestible Lysine on Broiler Breeder Male Reproductive Characteristics and Body Weight Changes. Doctoral dissertation. Mississippi State University; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Davis JH, Shear MD. Team of Rivals At the Lectern For a President. New York Times. July 22, 2017:A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Laparoscopic, Endoscopic and Robotic Surgery
ISSN (print)	2468-9009
Scope