How to format your references using the Laparoscopic, Endoscopic and Robotic Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Laparoscopic, Endoscopic and Robotic Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Morlon H. Microbiology. Microbial cooperative warfare. Science. 2012;337(6099):1184-1185.

A journal article with 2 authors

Fitter AH, Fitter RSR. Rapid changes in flowering time in British plants. Science. 2002;296(5573):1689-1691.

A journal article with 3 authors

Kim JE, Chen J, Lou Z. DBC1 is a negative regulator of SIRT1. Nature. 2008;451(7178):583-586.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Chan CKF, Chen CC, Luppen CA, et al. Endochondral ossification is required for haematopoietic stem-cell niche formation. Nature. 2009;457(7228):490-494.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kramer-Moore D, Moore M. Destructive Myths in Family Therapy. Wiley-Blackwell; 2012.

An edited book

Childress S, Hosoi A, Schultz WW, Wang J, eds. Natural Locomotion in Fluids and on Surfaces: Swimming, Flying, and Sliding. Vol 155. Springer; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

Pasin M, Kuonen P, Danelutto M, Aldinucci M. Skeleton Parallel Programming and Parallel Objects. In: Gorlatch S, Danelutto M, eds. Integrated Research in GRID Computing: CoreGRID Integration Workshop 2005 (Selected Papers) November 28–30, Pisa, Italy. Springer US; 2007:59-71.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Laparoscopic, Endoscopic and Robotic Surgery.

Blog post

Andrew E. New Horizons Sends Back New Images Of Pluto’s Smallest Moon Styx. IFLScience. October 12, 2015. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/space/new-horizon-send-back-new-images-plutos-smalled-moon-styx/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Federal Research: Evaluation of Small Business Innovation Research Can Be Strengthened. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1999.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Schellhous WT. Factors and Interactions Contributing to the Risk of Fire Following Earthquake for Urban Southern California. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Hyduk J. Looking to Take a City Where Grubb and Speed Never Did. New York Times. October 25, 2016:B10.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Laparoscopic, Endoscopic and Robotic Surgery
ISSN (print)	2468-9009
Scope