How to format your references using the Knowledge and Information Systems citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Knowledge and Information Systems. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Elser JJ (2011) Geochemistry. A world awash with nitrogen. Science 334:1504–1505

A journal article with 2 authors

Kim BH, Kwon JW (2014) Metal catalyst for low-temperature growth of controlled zinc oxide nanowires on arbitrary substrates. Sci Rep 4:4379

A journal article with 3 authors

Yin J, Sun Y, Ge F (2014) Reduced plant nutrition under elevated CO₂ depresses the immunocompetence of cotton bollworm against its endoparasite. Sci Rep 4:4538

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Schulz KG, Zondervan I, Gerringa LJA, et al (2004) Effect of trace metal availability on coccolithophorid calcification. Nature 430:673–676

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Brown MA, Kaplan L (2012) The Advanced Practice Registered Nurse as a Prescriber. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., West Sussex, UK

An edited book

Otto-Zimmermann K (2012) Resilient Cities 2: Cities and Adaptation to Climate Change – Proceedings of the Global Forum 2011. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht

A chapter in an edited book

Weirich S, Casinghino C (2012) Generic Programming with Dependent Types. In: Gibbons J (ed) Generic and Indexed Programming: International Spring School, SSGIP 2010, Oxford, UK, March 22-26, 2010, Revised Lectures. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 217–258

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Knowledge and Information Systems.

Blog post

Fang J (2016) Male Spiders Who Bring “Nuptial Gifts” Are Cannibalized Less. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/male-spiders-who-bring-nuptial-gifts-are-cannibalized-less/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2009) National Transportation System: Options and Analytical Tools to Strengthen DOT’s Approach to Supporting Communities’ Access to the System. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Tuquero JM (2010) A meta-ethnographic synthesis of support services for adult learners in distance learning programs. Doctoral dissertation, Capella University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse L (2007) Trying to Decipher the Justices on the Current State of the Death Penalty. New York Times A21

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Knowledge and Information Systems
Abbreviation	Knowl. Inf. Syst.
ISSN (print)	0219-1377
ISSN (online)	0219-3116
Scope	Artificial Intelligence Hardware and Architecture Human-Computer Interaction Information Systems Software