How to format your references using the Journal of the American College of Surgeons citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of the American College of Surgeons (JACS). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Stillman B. DNA replication. Genomic views of genome duplication. Science 2001;294:2301–2304.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Field J, Fullagar R. Archaeology and Australian megafauna. Science 2001;294:7.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Goldner A, Herold N, Huber M. Antarctic glaciation caused ocean circulation changes at the Eocene-Oligocene transition. Nature 2014;511:574–577.

A journal article with 5 or more authors

1. Robinson P, Harrison RJ, McEnroe SA, Hargraves RB. Lamellar magnetism in the haematite-ilmenite series as an explanation for strong remanent magnetization. Nature 2002;418:517–520.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Boero R. Behavioral Computational Social Science. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2015.

An edited book

1. Nicolaides A, Beach KW, Kyriacou E, Pattichis CS eds. Ultrasound and Carotid Bifurcation Atherosclerosis. London: Springer; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Devarajan A, Shih D, Reddy ST. Inflammation, Infection, Cancer and All That…The Role of Paraoxonases. In: Camps J, ed. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Non-communicable Diseases - Molecular Mechanisms and Perspectives in Therapeutics. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2014:33–41.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

Blog post

1. Davis J. Shrinking Glaciers And Drought Lead Bolivia To Declare State Of Emergency. IFLScience 2016. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/shrinking-glaciers-and-drought-lead-bolivia-to-declare-state-of-emergency/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Telecommunications: USDA Should Evaluate the Performance of the Rural Broadband Loan Program. 2014.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Hidalgo F. Light of Hope Recuperative Care Center, LLC: A Business Plan. 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Hollander S. A Sisterhood Lays a Foundation in Football. New York Times 2008:D2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (1).
This sentence cites two references (1, 2).
This sentence cites four references (1–4).

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of the American College of Surgeons
Abbreviation	J. Am. Coll. Surg.
ISSN (print)	1072-7515
Scope	Surgery