How to format your references using the Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (JAAOS). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Lodge, J: Scientists and societies. Postdoc power. Nature 2005;435:244.

A journal article with 2 authors

Wynia, MK, Gostin, L: Medicine. The bioterrorist threat and access to health care. Science 2002;296:1613.

A journal article with 3 authors

Junker, JP, Ziegler, F, Rief, M: Ligand-dependent equilibrium fluctuations of single calmodulin molecules. Science 2009;323:633–637.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

D’Auria, G, Peris-Bondia, F, Džunková, M, Mira, A, Collado, MC, Latorre, A, Moya, A: Active and secreted IgA-coated bacterial fractions from the human gut reveal an under-represented microbiota core. Sci Rep 2013;3:3515.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Barnes, P: The JCT 05 Standard Building Sub-Contract. (Blackwell Publishing Ltd: Oxford, UK, 2008).

An edited book

Chernousko, FL: Control of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems: Methods and Applications. (Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 2008).

A chapter in an edited book

Trotter, G: Why the West Spurns Medical Rituals. Ritual and the Moral Life: Reclaiming the Tradition 2012;75–86.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.

Blog post

Andrews, R: China And EU Will “Join Forces” To Fight Climate Change Without America. IFLScience 2017;at <https://www.iflscience.com/environment/china-eu-join-forces-fight-climate-change-without-america/>.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Airport Improvement Program: Update of Allocation of Funds and Passenger Facility Charges, 1992-94. (U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1995).

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Trantham, LC: PSA surveillance following radical prostatectomy: What we know and why it matters. 2012;

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Sisario, B: Taylor Swift’s Single Breaks Spotify Record. New York Times 2017;C3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
Abbreviation	J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg.
ISSN (print)	1067-151X
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Surgery