How to format your references using the Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (JAAOS). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Taylor, R: Hydrology: When wells run dry. Nature 2014;516:179–180.

A journal article with 2 authors

Helffrich, G, Kaneshima, S: Seismological constraints on core composition from Fe-O-S liquid immiscibility. Science 2004;306:2239–2242.

A journal article with 3 authors

Tschöp, M, Smiley, DL, Heiman, ML: Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents. Nature 2000;407:908–913.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Comin, CH, Santos, JR, Corradini, D, Morrison, W, Curme, C, Rosene, DL, Gabrielli, A, Costa, L da F, Stanley, HE: Statistical physics approach to quantifying differences in myelinated nerve fibers. Sci Rep 2014;4:4511.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bisen, PS, Debnath, M, Prasad, GBKS: Microbes. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, 2012).

An edited book

Small Businesses in the Aftermath of the Crisis: International Analyses and Policies. (Physica-Verlag HD: Heidelberg, 2012).

A chapter in an edited book

Ammari, H, Kang, H: Full Asymptotic Formula for the Potentials. Polarization and Moment Tensors: With Applications to Inverse Problems and Effective Medium Theory 2007;129–144.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.

Blog post

Andrews, R: New AIDS Vaccine To Undergo Human Trials For First Time. IFLScience 2015;at <https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/aids-vaccine-undergo-human-trials-first-time/>.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Insights Into CETA’s In-School Youth Programs. (U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1982).

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Patrick, NS: Employees’ Perceptions of Employers’ Response After Workplace Injury. 2010;

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Vecsey, G: At All-Star Game, Politics and Passion Are Also in Play. New York Times 2011;D2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
Abbreviation	J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg.
ISSN (print)	1067-151X
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Surgery