How to format your references using the Journal of Productivity Analysis citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Productivity Analysis. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Powell K (2005) Counting the cost. Nature 434:1048–1049

A journal article with 2 authors

Shirey SB, Richardson SH (2011) Start of the Wilson cycle at 3 Ga shown by diamonds from subcontinental mantle. Science 333:434–436

A journal article with 3 authors

Watanabe Y, Farquhar J, Ohmoto H (2009) Anomalous fractionations of sulfur isotopes during thermochemical sulfate reduction. Science 324:370–373

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Bekker A, Holland HD, Wang P-L, et al (2004) Dating the rise of atmospheric oxygen. Nature 427:117–120

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Center for Chemical Process Safety, American Industrial Hygiene Association (2009) Continuous Monitoring for Hazardous Material Releases. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Gong Y (2007) Machine Learning for Multimedia Content Analysis. Springer US, Boston, MA

A chapter in an edited book

Mohamed E, Mohamed E (2016) Islamists and New Media: The Muslim Brotherhood Digital Presence in English. In: Douai A, Ben Moussa M (eds) Mediated Identities and New Journalism in the Arab World: Mapping the “Arab Spring.” Palgrave Macmillan UK, London, pp 61–81

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Productivity Analysis.

Blog post

Luntz S (2014) Humpback Teamwork Caught on Camera. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/humpback-teamwork-caught-camera/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2005) Aviation Security: Flight and Cabin Crew Member Security Training Strengthened, but Better Planning and Internal Controls Needed. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Atchley D (2009) Interventions, perceptions of accommodations, and motivating factors impacting the achievement and successful mainstreaming transition of English language learners. Doctoral dissertation, Lindenwood University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kimmelman M (2017) Who Will Fix Penn Station? New York Times C1

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Powell 2005).
This sentence cites two references (Powell 2005; Shirey and Richardson 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Shirey and Richardson 2011)
Three or more authors: (Bekker et al. 2004)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Productivity Analysis
Abbreviation	J. Prod. Anal.
ISSN (print)	0895-562X
ISSN (online)	1573-0441
Scope	Business and International Management Economics and Econometrics Social Sciences (miscellaneous)

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