How to format your references using the Journal of Productivity Analysis citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Productivity Analysis. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Smith C (2012) Microscopy: Two microscopes are better than one. Nature 492:293–297

A journal article with 2 authors

McNeill JR, Winiwarter V (2004) Breaking the sod: humankind, history, and soil. Science 304:1627–1629

A journal article with 3 authors

Butler SJ, Vickery JA, Norris K (2007) Farmland biodiversity and the footprint of agriculture. Science 315:381–384

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Li L-B, Yu Z, Teng X, Bonini NM (2008) RNA toxicity is a component of ataxin-3 degeneration in Drosophila. Nature 453:1107–1111

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Dasgupta A (2012) Resolving Erroneous Reports in Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Ellerton N (2012) Rewriting the History of School Mathematics in North America 1607-1861: The Central Role of Cyphering Books. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht

A chapter in an edited book

Abrahams C (2008) Climate change and lakeshore conservation: a model and review of management techniques. In: Wantzen KM, Rothhaupt K-O, Mörtl M, et al. (eds) Ecological Effects of Water-Level Fluctuations in Lakes. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 33–43

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Productivity Analysis.

Blog post

Andrew E (2014) After 8 Years In Orbit, The Venus Express Is Headed Towards A Fiery Death. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/after-8-years-orbit-venus-express-headed-towards-fiery-death/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2016) Information Technology: IRS Needs to Improve Its Processes for Prioritizing and Reporting Performance of Investments. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Alexander BC (2009) A descriptive study of intercollegiate athletics in Mississippi’s public community and junior colleges. Doctoral dissertation, Mississippi State University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Vanderwoude M (2016) Precious Scents on Father’s Day. New York Times A22

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Smith 2012).
This sentence cites two references (McNeill and Winiwarter 2004; Smith 2012).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (McNeill and Winiwarter 2004)
Three or more authors: (Li et al. 2008)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Productivity Analysis
Abbreviation	J. Prod. Anal.
ISSN (print)	0895-562X
ISSN (online)	1573-0441
Scope	Business and International Management Economics and Econometrics Social Sciences (miscellaneous)