How to format your references using the Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Hochstrasser M. Molecular biology. New proteases in a ubiquitin stew. Science. 2002;298:549–52.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Shah RR, Abbott NL. Principles for measurement of chemical exposure based on recognition-driven anchoring transitions in liquid crystals. Science. 2001;293:1296–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Meylan E, Tschopp J, Karin M. Intracellular pattern recognition receptors in the host response. Nature. 2006;442:39–44.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Yasuda S, Oceguera-Yanez F, Kato T, Okamoto M, Yonemura S, Terada Y, et al. Cdc42 and mDia3 regulate microtubule attachment to kinetochores. Nature. 2004;428:767–71.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. van Deventer DR, Imai K, Mesler M. Advanced Financial Risk Management, Second Edition. Solaris South Tower, Singapore: John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd.; 2013.

An edited book

1. Tsakanov V, Wiedemann H, editors. Brilliant Light in Life and Material Sciences. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2007.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Greene AK. Myths Associated with Lymphedema. In: Greene AK, Slavin SA, Brorson H, editors. Lymphedema: Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015. p. 45–50.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. Great White Sharks Exploit The Angle Of The Sun While Hunting [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/great-white-sharks-exploit-angle-sun-while-hunting/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Aviation Security: Posting Notices at Domestic Airports. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1997 Mar. Report No.: RCED-97-88R.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Holler JC. A phenomenological case study of finding meaning through the developmental nature of a doctoral program in organization change [Doctoral dissertation]. [Malibu, CA]: Pepperdine University; 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Feeney K. Baked Treats of Portugal. New York Times. 2010 Feb 21;NJ12.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research
Abbreviation	J. Orthop. Surg. Res.
ISSN (online)	1749-799X
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Surgery