How to format your references using the Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Arnold FH. Combinatorial and computational challenges for biocatalyst design. Nature. 2001;409:253–7.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Malone JH, Michalak P. Physiological sex predicts hybrid sterility regardless of genotype. Science. 2008;319:59.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Krug AZ, Jablonski D, Valentine JW. Signature of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction in the modern biota. Science. 2009;323:767–71.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Lin H, Li L, Ren J, Cai Z, Qiu L, Yang Z, et al. Conducting polymer composite film incorporated with aligned carbon nanotubes for transparent, flexible and efficient supercapacitor. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1353.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Danby FW. Acne. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2014.

An edited book

1. Ryan ME, editor. Teaching Reflective Learning in Higher Education: A Systematic Approach Using Pedagogic Patterns. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Guénot M, Isnard J, Catenoix H, Mauguière F, Sindou M. SEEG-guided RF-thermocoagulation of epileptic foci: A therapeutic alternative for drug-resistant non-operable partial epilepsies. In: Pickard JD, Akalan N, Benes V, Rocco CD, Dolenc VV, Antunes JL, et al., editors. Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery. Vienna: Springer; 2011. p. 61–78.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research.

Blog post

1. Andrews R. Brand New T. Rex Fossil Is One Of The “Most Significant Specimens” Ever Found [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/brand-new-trex-fossil-significant-specimens-ever-found/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Proactive Management of FAA’s Security Program Needed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1989 Dec. Report No.: T-RCED-90-20.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. McKinney RW. The Optimal Balance of Liberal Education and Career Readiness in the Context of the American Promise: A Critical Analysis of the American Association of Colleges and Universities Liberal Education and America’s Promise Challenge [Doctoral dissertation]. [ Lafayette, LA]: University of Louisiana; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Steinmetz P by G. Let a Hundred McMansions Bloom. New York Times. 2014 Sep 19;MM51.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research
Abbreviation	J. Orthop. Surg. Res.
ISSN (online)	1749-799X
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Surgery