How to format your references using the Journal of Negative Results in BioMedicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Negative Results in BioMedicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Aguzzi A. Cell biology. Prion toxicity: all sail and no anchor. Science. 2005;308:1420–1.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Moore SL, Wilson K. Parasites as a viability cost of sexual selection in natural populations of mammals. Science. 2002;297:2015–8.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Arnaud-Haond S, Arrieta JM, Duarte CM. Global genetic resources. Marine biodiversity and gene patents. Science. 2011;331:1521–2.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Geddes CGR, Toth CS, Van Tilborg J, Esarey E, Schroeder CB, Bruhwiler D, et al. High-quality electron beams from a laser wakefield accelerator using plasma-channel guiding. Nature. 2004;431:538–41.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Lau JYF. An Introduction to Critical Thinking and Creativity. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2011.

An edited book

1. Neves-Silva R, Jain LC, Howlett RJ, editors. Intelligent Decision Technologies: Proceedings of the 7th KES International Conference on Intelligent Decision Technologies (KES-IDT 2015). Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Meani E, Brambilla S, Mondini A, Romanò CL, Ioppolo F. Whiplash Lesions: Orthopedic Considerations. In: Alpini DC, Brugnoni G, Cesarani A, editors. Whiplash Injuries: Diagnosis and Treatment. Milano: Springer; 2014. p. 43–54.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Negative Results in BioMedicine.

Blog post

1. Fang J. Baby Wrens Learn While They’re Still in the Egg [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/baby-wrens-learn-while-theyre-still-egg/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Development and the Ability of the Department of the Interior To Administer Such a Program. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1975 Jul. Report No.: 096973.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Salters DD. The effects of independent reading on the reading comprehension skills of sixth-grade students [Doctoral dissertation]. [Phoenix, AZ]: University of Phoenix; 2008.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Sisario B. Verses of Civil Rights Anthem ‘We Shall Overcome’ Are Ruled Not Under Copyright. New York Times. 2017 Sep 9;B5.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Negative Results in BioMedicine
Abbreviation	J. Negat. Results Biomed.
ISSN (online)	1477-5751
Scope	General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology General Medicine General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics

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