How to format your references using the Journal of Negative Results in BioMedicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Negative Results in BioMedicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Bennett CL. Cosmology from start to finish. Nature. 2006;440:1126–31.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. McInerney JO, Pisani D. Genetics. Paradigm for life. Science. 2007;318:1390–1.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Peltier WR, Liu Y, Crowley JW. Snowball Earth prevention by dissolved organic carbon remineralization. Nature. 2007;450:813–8.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Li D, Zhao R, Lilyestrom W, Gai D, Zhang R, DeCaprio JA, et al. Structure of the replicative helicase of the oncoprotein SV40 large tumour antigen. Nature. 2003;423:512–8.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Tostmann K-H. Korrosion. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2005.

An edited book

1. Lai X, Zhou J, Li H, editors. Information Security: 14th International Conference, ISC 2011, Xi’an, China, October 26-29, 2011. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Rózsa S, Kenyeres A, Weidinger T, Gyöngyösi AZ. Near Real Time Estimation of Integrated Water Vapour from GNSS Observations in Hungary. In: Rizos C, Willis P, editors. Earth on the Edge: Science for a Sustainable Planet: Proceedings of the IAG General Assembly, Melbourne, Australia, June 28 - July 2, 2011. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014. p. 31–9.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Negative Results in BioMedicine.

Blog post

1. Hale T. Rio 2016 Olympics: How Sick Could You Actually Get From Drinking The Water? [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/rio-2016-olympics-how-sick-could-you-actually-get-from-drinking-the-water/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Space Shuttle: NASA Should Implement Independent Oversight of Software Development. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1991 Feb. Report No.: IMTEC-91-20.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Graham SM. Conditions that Prompt the Migrant Worker Population to Access Pre-Hospital Emergency Care in Place of Health Centers in Qatar [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Sisario B. Sprint Throws a Cash Lifeline to Struggling Tidal. New York Times. 2017 Jan 23;B3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Negative Results in BioMedicine
Abbreviation	J. Negat. Results Biomed.
ISSN (online)	1477-5751
Scope	General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology General Medicine General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics