How to format your references using the Journal of Infectious Diseases citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Infectious Diseases. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Friedman WE. Evolution. Auxin at the evo-devo intersection. Science. 2009; 324(5935):1652–1653.

A journal article with 2 authors

Lum L, Clevers H. Cell biology. The unusual case of Porcupine. Science. 2012; 337(6097):922–923.

A journal article with 3 authors

Boer SPA den, Baer B, Boomsma JJ. Seminal fluid mediates ejaculate competition in social insects. Science. 2010; 327(5972):1506–1509.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Konhauser KO, Lalonde SV, Planavsky NJ, et al. Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event. Nature. 2011; 478(7369):369–373.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Ibe EH. Terrestrial Radiation Effects in ULSI Devices and Electronic Systems. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd; 2014.

An edited book

Shields MA, Payne AIL, editors. Marine Renewable Energy Technology and Environmental Interactions. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

Schroeder P, Schieke SM, Morita A. Premature Skin Aging by Infrared Radiation, Tobacco Smoke and Ozone. In: Gilchrest BA, Krutmann J, editors. Skin Aging. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2006. p. 45–53.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Infectious Diseases.

Blog post

Andrew E. Galactic “Hot-Dog-Eating Competition” Lasts Hundreds Of Millions Of Years [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/galactic-hot-dog-eating-competition-lasts-hundreds-millions-years/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Opportunities for Improving Computerized Civilian Payroll Processing Operations. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1975 Mar. Report No.: FGMSD-75-15.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Santos E. Altruism in Psychotherapy: Altruistic Acts as an Adjunct to Psychotherapy [Doctoral dissertation]. [Malibu, CA]: Pepperdine University; 2019.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Gordon MR, Schmitt E. Wrestling With North Korea, Trump Finds Perilous Options. New York Times. 2017; :A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Infectious Diseases
Abbreviation	J. Infect. Dis.
ISSN (print)	0022-1899
ISSN (online)	1537-6613
Scope	Immunology and Allergy Infectious Diseases