How to format your references using the Journal of Geographical Systems citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Geographical Systems. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

DeWeerdt S (2013) Genetics: written in blood. Nature 498:S4-6

A journal article with 2 authors

Hasty P, Vijg J (2002) Aging. Genomic priorities in aging. Science 296:1250–1251

A journal article with 3 authors

Margulies L, Winther G, Poulsen HF (2001) In situ measurement of grain rotation during deformation of polycrystals. Science 291:2392–2394

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Domínguez-Villar D, Carrasco RM, Pedraza J, et al (2013) Early maximum extent of paleoglaciers from Mediterranean mountains during the last glaciation. Sci Rep 3:2034

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Zhu FXX, Hoehn R, Thakkar V, Yuh E (2017) Hydroprocessing for Clean Energy. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

An edited book

Leite J, Torroni P, Ågotnes T, et al (eds) (2011) Computational Logic in Multi-Agent Systems: 12th International Workshop, CLIMA XII, Barcelona, Spain, July 17-18, 2011. Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Fitz D, Jakschitz T, Rode BM (2011) Salt-Induced Peptide Formation in Chemical Evolution: Building Blocks Before RNA – Potential of Peptide Splicing Reactions. In: Egel R, Lankenau D-H, Mulkidjanian AY (eds) Origins of Life: The Primal Self-Organization. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 109–127

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Geographical Systems.

Blog post

Fang J (2015) Huge DNA Study Assesses Genomes Of Iceland’s Population. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2014) Broadband Internet: FCC Should Track the Application of Fixed Internet Usage-Based Pricing and Help Improve Consumer Education. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Scharf MT (2015) Comparing Student Cumulative Course Grades, Attrition, and Satisfaction in Traditional and Virtual Classroom Environments. Doctoral dissertation, Northcentral University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kanter J (2016) European Leaders, Reeling, Meet to Weigh Fallout of U.S. Election. New York Times A9

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (DeWeerdt 2013).
This sentence cites two references (Hasty and Vijg 2002; DeWeerdt 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Hasty and Vijg 2002)
Three or more authors: (Domínguez-Villar et al. 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Geographical Systems
Abbreviation	J. Geogr. Syst.
ISSN (print)	1435-5930
ISSN (online)	1435-5949
Scope	Earth-Surface Processes Geography, Planning and Development