How to format your references using the Journal of Geographical Systems citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Geographical Systems. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Bernstein R (2015) Science by any means necessary. Science 347:686

A journal article with 2 authors

Ogawa A, Sommer RJ (2009) Developmental biology. Strategies to get arrested. Science 326:944–945

A journal article with 3 authors

Del Toro-De León G, García-Aguilar M, Gillmor CS (2014) Non-equivalent contributions of maternal and paternal genomes to early plant embryogenesis. Nature 514:624–627

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Resta A, Leoni T, Barth C, et al (2013) Atomic structures of silicene layers grown on Ag(111): scanning tunneling microscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy observations. Sci Rep 3:2399

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Dubil R (2011) Financial Engineering and Arbitrage in the Financial Markets. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, West Sussex, UK

An edited book

Brugali D, Broenink JF, Kroeger T, MacDonald BA (eds) (2014) Simulation, Modeling, and Programming for Autonomous Robots: 4th International Conference, SIMPAR 2014, Bergamo, Italy, October 20-23, 2014. Proceedings. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Helbing D, Johansson A (2013) On the Controversy Around Daganzo’s Requiem for and Aw–Rascle’s Resurrection of Second-Order Traffic Flow Models. In: Bressan A, Helbing D, Klar A, Zuazua E (eds) Modelling and Optimisation of Flows on Networks: Cetraro, Italy 2009, Editors: Benedetto Piccoli, Michel Rascle. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 271–302

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Geographical Systems.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) Meat is a Complex Health Issue but a Simple Climate one: the World Needs to Eat Less of it. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2000) Title I Program: Stronger Accountability Needed for Performance of Disadvantaged Students. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Swan C (2017) Arts participation and career preparedness: A pragmatic approach to assessing arts benefits. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Walsh MW (2016) Witness Cites Recipe for Toxic Air, and Debt, at Puerto Rico’s Power Company. New York Times B1

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Bernstein 2015).
This sentence cites two references (Ogawa and Sommer 2009; Bernstein 2015).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Ogawa and Sommer 2009)
Three or more authors: (Resta et al. 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Geographical Systems
Abbreviation	J. Geogr. Syst.
ISSN (print)	1435-5930
ISSN (online)	1435-5949
Scope	Earth-Surface Processes Geography, Planning and Development