How to format your references using the Journal of Geographical Systems citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Geographical Systems. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Grayson M (2010) Nutrigenomics. Nature 468:S1

A journal article with 2 authors

Perutz MF, Windle AH (2001) Cause of neural death in neurodegenerative diseases attributable to expansion of glutamine repeats. Nature 412:143–144

A journal article with 3 authors

Rolland-Lagan A-G, Bangham JA, Coen E (2003) Growth dynamics underlying petal shape and asymmetry. Nature 422:161–163

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Pei Y, Wei M-Y, Cheng B, et al (2014) High resolution imaging beyond the acoustic diffraction limit in deep tissue via ultrasound-switchable NIR fluorescence. Sci Rep 4:4690

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Cooney KA, Chappell JR, Callan RJ, Connally BA (2012) Veterinary Euthanasia Techniques. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., West Sussex, UK

An edited book

Khubchandani I, Paonessa N, Azimuddin K (eds) (2009) Surgical Treatment of Hemorrhoids, 2nd edn. Springer, London

A chapter in an edited book

Yamakawa H, Yoshizaki T (2016) Equilibrium Properties. In: Yoshizaki T (ed) Helical Wormlike Chains in Polymer Solutions. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 129–191

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Geographical Systems.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) What Happens During Sleep? In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/infographic-explains-what-happens-during-sleep/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1994) Highway Diesel Fuel Prices. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

McClurg AD (2013) A phenomenological study of Baby Boomer retirement— Expectations, results, and implications. Doctoral dissertation, University of Phoenix

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Oestreich JR (2017) Move Over, Bach. Handel’s Moving In. New York Times C5

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Grayson 2010).
This sentence cites two references (Perutz and Windle 2001; Grayson 2010).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Perutz and Windle 2001)
Three or more authors: (Pei et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Geographical Systems
Abbreviation	J. Geogr. Syst.
ISSN (print)	1435-5930
ISSN (online)	1435-5949
Scope	Earth-Surface Processes Geography, Planning and Development