How to format your references using the Journal of Freshwater Ecology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Freshwater Ecology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Karnik RN. 2014. Materials science: Breakthrough for protons. Nature. 516(7530):173–175.

A journal article with 2 authors

Baker PJ, Wilson JS. 2003. Plant ecology: Coexistence of tropical tree species. Nature. 422(6932):581–2; discussion 852.

A journal article with 3 authors

Xu Y, Shi Y, Ding S. 2008. A chemical approach to stem-cell biology and regenerative medicine. Nature. 453(7193):338–344.

A journal article with 12 or more authors

Pfeiffer F, David C, Burghammer M, Riekel C, Salditt T. 2002. Two-dimensional x-ray waveguides and point sources. Science. 297(5579):230–234.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bass F. 2013. Guide to the Census. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Saleh IM, Khine MS, editors. 2014. Reframing Transformational Leadership: New School Culture and Effectiveness. Rotterdam: SensePublishers.

A chapter in an edited book

Krasauskas R, Zube S. 2008. Canal Surfaces Defined by Quadratic Families of Spheres. In: Jüttler B, Piene R, editors. Geometric Modeling and Algebraic Geometry. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; p. 79–92.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Freshwater Ecology.

Blog post

Andrew E. 2015. Are Space And Time An Illusion? IFLScience [Internet]. [accessed 2018 Oct 30]. https://www.iflscience.com/physics/your-future-set-stone-spacetime/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1996. Higher Education: Tuition Increasing Faster Than Household Income and Public Colleges’ Costs. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Anderson JS. 2008. Boys in crisis: A grounded theory study of male high school dropouts in a rural setting [Doctoral dissertation]. Phoenix, AZ: University of Phoenix.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly M. 1992. THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: The Democrats; CLINTON IS LEERY OF PREMATURE JOY. New York Times.:A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Karnik 2014).
This sentence cites two references (Baker and Wilson 2003; Karnik 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Baker and Wilson 2003)
Three or more authors: (Pfeiffer et al. 2002)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Freshwater Ecology
Abbreviation	J. Freshw. Ecol.
ISSN (print)	0270-5060
ISSN (online)	2156-6941
Scope	Aquatic Science Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics