How to format your references using the Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. K. Kreeger, Nature 419, 5 (2002).

A journal article with 2 authors

1. S. T. Bramwell and M. J. Gingras, Science 294, 1495 (2001).

A journal article with 3 authors

1. C. Weisz, E. Glowatzki, and P. Fuchs, Nature 461, 1126 (2009).

A journal article with 4 or more authors

1. T. Gross, A. Siepmann, D. Sturm, M. Windgassen, J. J. Scarcelli, M. Seedorf, C. N. Cole, and H. Krebber, Science 315, 646 (2007).

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. C. P. Kubicek, Fungi and Lignocellulosic Biomass (Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 2012).

An edited book

1. F. D’Errico, I. Poggi, A. Vinciarelli, and L. Vincze, editors , Conflict and Multimodal Communication: Social Research and Machine Intelligence (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2015).

A chapter in an edited book

1. N.-Q. H. Nguyen and T. H. Le, in Artificial Intelligence Perspectives and Applications: Proceedings of the 4th Computer Science On-Line Conference 2015 (CSOC2015), Vol 1: Artificial Intelligence Perspectives and Applications, edited by R. Silhavy, R. Senkerik, Z. K. Oplatkova, Z. Prokopova, and P. Silhavy (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2015), pp. 39–49.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention.

Blog post

1. S. Luntz, IFLScience (2015).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office, Emergency Management: Most School Districts Have Developed Emergency Management Plans, but Would Benefit from Additional Federal Guidance (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2007).

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. C. Romer, WhatsUpDoc: A Patient Portal Technology, Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. J. T. Broderick Jr. and R. M. George, New York Times A21 (2010).

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention
Abbreviation	J. Fail. Anal. Prev.
ISSN (print)	1547-7029
ISSN (online)	1864-1245
Scope	Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Materials Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality General Materials Science