How to format your references using the Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Conard NJ (2003) Palaeolithic ivory sculptures from southwestern Germany and the origins of figurative art. Nature 426:830–832

A journal article with 2 authors

Ratnieks FLW, Carreck NL (2010) Ecology. Clarity on honey bee collapse? Science 327:152–153

A journal article with 3 authors

Smith DK, Cann JR, Escartín J (2006) Widespread active detachment faulting and core complex formation near 13 degrees N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nature 442:440–443

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Ventura M, Antonacci F, Cardone MF, et al (2007) Evolutionary formation of new centromeres in macaque. Science 316:243–246

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Center for Chemical Process Safety (1995) Guidelines for Process Safety Documentation. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Koutny M, Haddad S, Yakovlev A (eds) (2014) Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency IX. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Neumann S, van Teeseling MCF, van Niftrik L (2013) Cell Biology of Anaerobic Ammonium-Oxidizing Bacteria: Unique Prokaryotes with an Energy-Conserving Intracellular Compartment. In: Fuerst JA (ed) Planctomycetes: Cell Structure, Origins and Biology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp 89–123

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics.

Blog post

Fang J (2014) First Ever Swimming Dinosaur Ate Sharks. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/first-ever-swimming-dinosaur-ate-sharks/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2007) Freight Railroads: Updated Information on Rates and Other Industry Trends. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

McGrath PM (2013) Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008: A policy analysis. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly C (2008) An Island, Untamed and Divided. New York Times WE1

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Conard 2003).
This sentence cites two references (Conard 2003; Ratnieks and Carreck 2010).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Ratnieks and Carreck 2010)
Three or more authors: (Ventura et al. 2007)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics
Abbreviation	J. Exp. Orthop.
ISSN (online)	2197-1153
Scope