How to format your references using the Journal of Echocardiography citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Echocardiography. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Weissman P. Planetary science: Sink holes and dust jets on comet 67P. Nature. 2015;523:42–3.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Didenko YT, Suslick KS. The energy efficiency of formation of photons, radicals and ions during single-bubble cavitation. Nature. 2002;418:394–7.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Santos MD, Dorogovtsev SN, Mendes JFF. Biased imitation in coupled evolutionary games in interdependent networks. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4436.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Bell RE, Studinger M, Tikku AA, Clarke GKC, Gutner MM, Meertens C. Origin and fate of Lake Vostok water frozen to the base of the East Antarctic ice sheet. Nature. 2002;416:307–10.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Anderson RK. Visual Data Mining. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2012.

An edited book

1. Kishen A, editor. Nanotechnology in Endodontics: Current and Potential Clinical Applications. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Vilain C. Circular and Rectilinear Motion in the Mechanica and in the 16th Century. In: Laird WR, Roux S, editors. Mechanics and Natural Philosophy Before the Scientific Revolution. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2007. p. 149–72.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Echocardiography.

Blog post

1. O`Callaghan J. Pluto May Have Always Had Its Icy Heart [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/pluto-may-have-always-had-its-icy-heart/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Reorganization of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Western Test Range at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1977 Jul. Report No.: FPCD-77-65.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Estrin EM. Individual Doubles: A Look at Twinship and Attachment Theory [Doctoral dissertation]. [Carpinteria, CA]: Pacifica Graduate Institute; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Grynbaum MM. Inaugural All Its Own Brings Astonishment and Awe to Television. New York Times. 2017 Jan 20;A22.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Echocardiography
Abbreviation	J. Echocardiogr.
ISSN (print)	1349-0222
ISSN (online)	1880-344X
Scope	Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging