How to format your references using the Journal of Echocardiography citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Echocardiography. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Oppenheim J. Physics. For quantum information, two wrongs can make a right. Science. 2008;321:1783–4.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Swaddle JP, Biewener AA. Exercise and reduced muscle mass in starlings. Nature. 2000;406:585–6.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Qi Y, Dolgushev M, Zhang Z. Dynamics of semiflexible recursive small-world polymer networks. Sci Rep. 2014;4:7576.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Loveday JS, Nelmes RJ, Guthrie M, Belmonte SA, Allan DR, Klug DD, et al. Stable methane hydrate above 2 GPa and the source of Titan’s atmospheric methane. Nature. 2001;410:661–3.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Gao J. Optoelectronic Integrated Circuit Design and Device Modeling. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2010.

An edited book

1. Lee R, editor. Computers,Networks, Systems, and Industrial Engineering 2011. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Bajd T, Mihelj M, Lenarčič J, Stanovnik A, Munih M. Two-segment robot manipulator. In: Mihelj M, Lenarcic J, Stanovnik A, Munih M, editors. Robotics. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2010. p. 33–48.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Echocardiography.

Blog post

1. Andrews R. Supercomputer Simulation Of Milky Way Solves Mystery Of Missing Dwarf Galaxies [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/supercomputer-simulation-milky-way-missing-dwarf-galaxies/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Comments on NASA’s Expenditure of Appropriated Funds for Parking Spaces. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1964 Oct. Report No.: B-155372-O.M.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Brightbill RG. Bradenton, FL: A Patchwork City [Doctoral dissertation]. [Tampa, FL]: University of South Florida; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Murphy MJO. Weekend Entertainments From the Archives of the New York Times. New York Times. 2015 Feb 6;C36.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Echocardiography
Abbreviation	J. Echocardiogr.
ISSN (print)	1349-0222
ISSN (online)	1880-344X
Scope	Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging