How to format your references using the Journal of Echocardiography citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Echocardiography. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Choi JR. A novel method for analyzing complicated quantum behaviors of light waves in oscillating turbulent plasma. Sci Rep. 2014;4:6880.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Schmitt JH, Wichmann R. Ground-based observation of emission lines from the corona of a red-dwarf star. Nature. 2001;412:508–10.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Spéder P, Adám G, Noselli S. Type ID unconventional myosin controls left-right asymmetry in Drosophila. Nature. 2006;440:803–7.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Vagin VV, Sigova A, Li C, Seitz H, Gvozdev V, Zamore PD. A distinct small RNA pathway silences selfish genetic elements in the germline. Science. 2006;313:320–4.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Gasser W, Heiner E, Elk K. Greensche Funktionen in Festkörper- und Vielteilchenphysik. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2005.

An edited book

1. Lajtha A, Banik N, editors. Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology: Neural Protein Metabolism and Function. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2007.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Šimko J, Bieliková M. Little Search Game: Lightweight Domain Modeling. In: Bieliková M, editor. Semantic Acquisition Games: Harnessing Manpower for Creating Semantics. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2014. p. 51–65.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Echocardiography.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. The LHC Is Back And It’s Ready To Probe The Limits Of Matter. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Telecommunications Relay Service: FCC Should Strengthen Its Management of Program to Assist Persons with Hearing or Speech Disabilities. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2015 Apr. Report No.: GAO-15-409.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Werbeck K-U. From rubble to revolutions and raves: Literary interrogations of German media ecologies [Doctoral dissertation]. [Chapel Hill, NC]: University of North Carolina; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Baker L. Optimism in the Mormon Heartland. New York Times. 2009 May 13;B6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Echocardiography
Abbreviation	J. Echocardiogr.
ISSN (print)	1349-0222
ISSN (online)	1880-344X
Scope	Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging