How to format your references using the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Russo E. Success in an uneven market. Nature. 2003;424:597.

A journal article with 2 authors

Chu S, Majumdar A. Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future. Nature. 2012;488:294-303.

A journal article with 3 authors

Geremia JM, Stockton JK, Mabuchi H. Real-time quantum feedback control of atomic spin-squeezing. Science. 2004;304:270-273.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Finney BP, Gregory-Eaves I, Douglas MSV, Smol JP. Fisheries productivity in the northeastern Pacific Ocean over the past 2,200 years. Nature. 2002;416:729-733.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kondoz AM. Digital Speech. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2006.

An edited book

Waghid Y. Educational Technology and Pedagogic Encounters: Democratic Education in Potentiality. Vol 69. (Waghid F, Waghid Z, eds.). Rotterdam: SensePublishers; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

Kras JF. Perioperative Considerations of Do Not Resuscitate and Do Not Intubate Orders in Adult Patients. In: Jericho BG, ed. Ethical Issues in Anesthesiology and Surgery. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015:45-57.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine.

Blog post

Andrew E. The Smithsonian Introduces 3D Exhibits. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/technology/smithsonian-introduces-3d-exhibits/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Army Deployment: Better Transportation Planning Is Needed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1987.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Chepete P. Modeling of the factors affecting mathematical achievement of Form 1 students in Botswana based on the 2003 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study. 2008.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse L. The New Bork Battle. New York Times. March 16, 2016:A25.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
Abbreviation	J. Clin. Sleep Med.
ISSN (print)	1550-9389
ISSN (online)	1550-9397
Scope	Clinical Neurology Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine Neurology

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