How to format your references using the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Johnston LA. Competitive interactions between cells: death, growth, and geography. Science. 2009;324:1679-1682.

A journal article with 2 authors

Ernst MO, Banks MS. Humans integrate visual and haptic information in a statistically optimal fashion. Nature. 2002;415:429-433.

A journal article with 3 authors

Joughin I, Abdalati W, Fahnestock M. Large fluctuations in speed on Greenland’s Jakobshavn Isbrae glacier. Nature. 2004;432:608-610.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Kapp FG, Perlin JR, Hagedorn EJ, et al. Protection from UV light is an evolutionarily conserved feature of the haematopoietic niche. Nature. 2018;558:445-448.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Morgan A. Eating the Big Fish. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2009.

An edited book

Buhl S. Henbury Craters and Meteorites: Their Discovery, History and Study. 2nd ed. 2015. (McColl D, ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Zeira A. Testing Practice Wisdom in Child Welfare. In: Kamerman SB, Phipps S, Ben-Arieh A, eds. From Child Welfare to Child Well-Being: An International Perspective on Knowledge in the Service of Policy Making. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2010:49-63.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine.

Blog post

Andrew D. There’s A Test That Tells You If You’re A “Super-Recognizer” Of Faces, And You Can Take It Right Now. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/brain/theres-a-test-that-tells-you-if-youre-a-superrecognizer-of-faces-and-you-can-take-it-right-now/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. International Education Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1978.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Baggio BG. Integrating social software into blended -learning courses: A Delphi study of instructional -design processes. 2008.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse L. Court Upholds Child Pornography Law, Despite Free Speech Concerns. New York Times. May 20, 2008:A17.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
Abbreviation	J. Clin. Sleep Med.
ISSN (print)	1550-9389
ISSN (online)	1550-9397
Scope	Clinical Neurology Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine Neurology