How to format your references using the Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Branch D. Astrophysics. When a white dwarf explodes. Science. 2003;299(5603):53-54.

A journal article with 2 authors

Ho WCG, Heinke CO. A neutron star with a carbon atmosphere in the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant. Nature. 2009;462(7269):71-73.

A journal article with 3 authors

Constância M, Kelsey G, Reik W. Resourceful imprinting. Nature. 2004;432(7013):53-57.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Fickler R, Krenn M, Lapkiewicz R, Ramelow S, Zeilinger A. Real-time imaging of quantum entanglement. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1914.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Singer B, Fedorinchik G. Investment Leadership and Portfolio Management. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2009.

An edited book

Nickerson AB. Identifying, Assessing, and Treating PTSD at School. Vol 2. (Reeves MA, Brock SE, Jimerson SR, eds.). Springer US; 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

Hunter SM, McCart Reed AE, Campbell IG, Gorringe KL. Genomic Analysis. In: Lakhani SR, Fox SB, eds. Molecular Pathology in Cancer Research. Springer; 2016:83-106.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma.

Blog post

Andrew E. Gene-Stimulating Molecules Rescue Mice From Drug-Induced Liver Damage. IFLScience. April 30, 2015. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/gene-stimulating-molecules-rescue-mice-drug-induced-liver-damage/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Questions Designed To Aid Managers and Auditors in Assessing the ADP Planning Process. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1979.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Bratton KJ. Modeling and Control of Heterogeneous Tumors Under Chemotherapy. Doctoral dissertation. Southern Illinois University; 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Crow K. Two Old Buildings Win Friends in High Places. New York Times. November 3, 2002:147.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma
Abbreviation	J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma
ISSN (print)	0976-5662
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine