How to format your references using the Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Ellison AM. Political borders should not hamper wildlife. Nature. 2014;508(7494):9.

A journal article with 2 authors

Shintani T, Klionsky DJ. Autophagy in health and disease: a double-edged sword. Science. 2004;306(5698):990-995.

A journal article with 3 authors

Morales R, Di Matteo T, Aste T. Dependency structure and scaling properties of financial time series are related. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4589.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Newton PK, Mason J, Hurt B, et al. Entropy, complexity, and Markov diagrams for random walk cancer models. Sci Rep. 2014;4:7558.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Askoolum A. System Building with APL + Win. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2007.

An edited book

Stahlbock R, Crone SF, Lessmann S, eds. Data Mining: Special Issue in Annals of Information Systems. Vol 8. 1st ed. Springer US; 2010.

A chapter in an edited book

Jones C, Jia X. Using a Domain Specific Language for Lightweight Model-Driven Development. In: Maciaszek LA, Filipe J, eds. Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering: 9th International Conference, ENASE 2014, Lisbon, Portugal, April 28-30, 2014. Revised Selected Papers. Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer International Publishing; 2015:46-62.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma.

Blog post

Andrew E. NASA Astronaut Takes Extraordinary Photographs Of The Great Pyramids. IFLScience. June 15, 2015. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/space/incredible-images-great-pyramids-and-more-taken-nasa-astronaut-his-last-day-space/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Review of FAA’s Collegiate Training Initiative as Mandated in the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012. U.S. Government Printing Office; 2012.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Amanoua KP. Langue et Identité Dans Les Milieux Populaires Québécois et Antillais. Doctoral dissertation. University of Louisiana; 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Ruprecht T. High-School Redux. New York Times. April 2, 2010:MM50.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma
Abbreviation	J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma
ISSN (print)	0976-5662
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine