How to format your references using the Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Macilwain C. The unlikely wisdom of Chairman Mao. Nature. 2013 Mar 14;495(7440):143.

A journal article with 2 authors

Herrera AM, Cohn MJ. Embryonic origin and compartmental organization of the external genitalia. Sci Rep. 2014 Nov 5;4:6896.

A journal article with 3 authors

Blundy J, Cashman K, Humphreys M. Magma heating by decompression-driven crystallization beneath andesite volcanoes. Nature. 2006 Sep 7;443(7107):76–80.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Gurwitz D, Fortier I, Lunshof JE, Knoppers BM. Research ethics. Children and population biobanks. Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):818–9.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Equipment Testing Procedures Committee. Positive Displacement Pumps. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2007.

An edited book

Kohlbacher F, Herstatt C, editors. The Silver Market Phenomenon: Business Opportunities in an Era of Demographic Change. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2008. XXXVI, 506 p. 59 illus., 29 illus. in color.

A chapter in an edited book

Wu XB, Wu XH, Guo JH, Li SD, Liu R, McDonald MJ, et al. Polyanion Compounds as Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries. In: Zhang Z, Zhang SS, editors. Rechargeable Batteries: Materials, Technologies and New Trends. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015. p. 93–134. (Green Energy and Technology).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology.

Blog post

O`Callaghan J. How Close Are We To Finding Another Earth? IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Space Station: NASA Efforts To Establish a Design-To-Life-Cycle Cost Process. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1988 May. Report No.: NSIAD-88-147.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Best W. Beneath the Silence [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse L. Americans Held in Iraq Draw Justices’ Attention. New York Times. 2007 Dec 8;A15.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
Abbreviation	J. Clin. Gastroenterol.
ISSN (print)	0192-0790
ISSN (online)	1539-2031
Scope	Gastroenterology