How to format your references using the Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Thulborn T. Comment on “Ascent of dinosaurs linked to an iridium anomaly at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.” Science. 2003;301:169; author reply 169.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Abrahamson J, Dinniss J. Ball lightning caused by oxidation of nanoparticle networks from normal lightning strikes on soil. Nature. 2000;403:519–21.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Stuphorn V, Taylor TL, Schall JD. Performance monitoring by the supplementary eye field. Nature. 2000;408:857–60.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Pybus OG, Charleston MA, Gupta S, Rambaut A, Holmes EC, Harvey PH. The epidemic behavior of the hepatitis C virus. Science. 2001;292:2323–5.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Yu J, Tao D. Modern Machine Learning Techniques and Their Applications in Cartoon Animation Research. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

1. Bârsan V, Aldea A, editors. Trends in Nanophysics: Theory, Experiment and Technology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Yoo Y, Hwang I, Choi S. Consonance Perception of Vibrotactile Chords: A Feasibility Study. In: Cooper EW, Kryssanov VV, Ogawa H, Brewster S, editors. Haptic and Audio Interaction Design: 6th International Workshop, HAID 2011, Kusatsu, Japan, August 25-26, 2011 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011. p. 42–51.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery.

Blog post

1. Carpineti A. Can Wormholes Fix A Major Problem With Black Holes? [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/physics/can-wormholes-fix-a-major-problem-with-black-holes/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Slotting Fees: Effort to Study the Use of These Payments in the Grocery Industry. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2000 Sep. Report No.: T-RCED-00-295.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Brown MH. An Examination of Executive Function, Stress, and Adolescent Attachment to Caregivers in a Social Neuroscience Model Using the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD) [Doctoral dissertation]. [Washington, DC]: George Washington University; 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Kelly R. Desire Under the Waves. New York Times. 1993 Aug 1;714.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Abbreviation	J. Cardiothorac. Surg.
ISSN (online)	1749-8090
Scope	General Medicine Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Surgery

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