How to format your references using the Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Chast F. Obituary: Pierre Potier (1934-2006). Nature. 2006;440:291.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Jensen ELN, Akeson R. Misaligned protoplanetary disks in a young binary star system. Nature. 2014;511:567–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Legrand Y-M, van der Lee A, Barboiu M. Single-crystal X-ray structure of 1,3-dimethylcyclobutadiene by confinement in a crystalline matrix. Science. 2010;329:299–302.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Robinson LF, Henderson GM, Hall L, Matthews I. Climatic control of riverine and seawater uranium-isotope ratios. Science. 2004;305:851–4.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Taylor TA. Guide to LEED® 2009 Estimating and Preconstruction Strategies. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2010.

An edited book

1. Xu J. Protein Homology Detection Through Alignment of Markov Random Fields: Using MRFalign. Wang S, Ma J, editors. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Young RA, Marshall SK, Valach L, Domene JF, Graham MD, Zaidman-Zait A. Relationships. In: Marshall SK, Valach L, Domene JF, Graham MD, Zaidman-Zait A, editors. Transition to Adulthood: Action, Projects, and Counseling. New York, NY: Springer; 2011. p. 51–63.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery.

Blog post

1. Taub B. The Membranes Covering The Brain Are Loaded With Neuronal Stem Cells [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/brain/membranes-covering-loaded-neuronal-stem-cells/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Information Technology: Architecture Needed to Guide NASA’s Financial Management Modernization. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2003 Nov. Report No.: GAO-04-43.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Accortt EE. Frontal alpha electroencephalography (EEG) asymmetry as a risk factor for pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD); a psychophysiological and family history approach [Doctoral dissertation]. [Tucson, AZ]: University of Arizona; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Walsh MW. Bad Math and a Coming Public Pension Crisis. New York Times. 2015 Jul 9;B1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Abbreviation	J. Cardiothorac. Surg.
ISSN (online)	1749-8090
Scope	General Medicine Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Surgery