How to format your references using the Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Buchenau J. Global Darwin: Multicultural mergers. Nature. 2009;462:284–5.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Fisher B, Costanza R. Environmental policy: regional commitment to reducing emissions. Nature. 2005;438:301–2.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Waghmare PR, Das S, Mitra SK. Under-water superoleophobic glass: unexplored role of the surfactant-rich solvent. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1862.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Pei S, Muchnik L, Andrade JS Jr, Zheng Z, Makse HA. Searching for superspreaders of information in real-world social media. Sci Rep. 2014;4:5547.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Helsel DR. Statistics for Censored Environmental Data Using Minitab® and R. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2011.

An edited book

1. Hens T. Financial Economics: A Concise Introduction to Classical and Behavioral Finance. 2nd ed. 2016. Rieger MO, editor. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Rouane MH, Huchard M, Napoli A, Valtchev P. A Proposal for Combining Formal Concept Analysis and Description Logics for Mining Relational Data. In: Kuznetsov SO, Schmidt S, editors. Formal Concept Analysis: 5th International Conference, ICFCA 2007, Clermont-Ferrand, France, February 12-16, 2007 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2007. p. 51–65.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery.

Blog post

1. Fang J. Glacial Meltwater on Martian Volcano May Have Harbored Life [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/glacial-meltwater-martian-volcano-may-have-harbored-life/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Productivity, Science and Technology: Keys to U.S. Economic Growth. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1978 Mar. Report No.: 105610.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Rich DW. Examining the relationship of values-based management in performance evaluations [Doctoral dissertation]. [Scottsdale, AZ]: Northcentral University; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Greenhouse L. Supreme Court Limits Lawsuits by Shareholders. New York Times. 2008 Jan 16;C1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Abbreviation	J. Cardiothorac. Surg.
ISSN (online)	1749-8090
Scope	General Medicine Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Surgery