How to format your references using the Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Morrow R. Engineering. Wi-Fi-Fo-Fum. Science. 2008;320:1018–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Wang Y-Y, Zhang T. Spontaneous emission noise in long-range surface plasmon polariton waveguide based optical gyroscope. Sci Rep. 2014;4:6369.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Kuhn JR, Emilio M, Bush R. Comment on “A large excess in apparent solar oblateness due to surface magnetism.” Science. 2009;324:1143; author reply 1143.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Christophorou MA, Ringshausen I, Finch AJ, Swigart LB, Evan GI. The pathological response to DNA damage does not contribute to p53-mediated tumour suppression. Nature. 2006;443:214–7.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Fant KM. Logically Determined Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2005.

An edited book

1. Garcia JL, editor. Pierre Musso and the Network Society: From Saint-Simonianism to the Internet. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Lorenzini C, Faita C, Barsotti M, Carrozzino M, Tecchia F, Bergamasco M. ADITHO – A Serious Game for Training and Evaluating Medical Ethics Skills. In: Chorianopoulos K, Divitini M, Baalsrud Hauge J, Jaccheri L, Malaka R, editors. Entertainment Computing - ICEC 2015: 14th International Conference, ICEC 2015, Trondheim, Norway, September 29 - Ocotober 2, 2015, Proceedings. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015. p. 59–71.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery.

Blog post

1. Hale T. Pornhub Reveal What Porn The World Was Watching In 2016 [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2017 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/technology/pornhub-reveal-what-porn-the-world-was-watching-in-2016/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Year 2000 Computing Challenge: Important Progress Made, But Much Work Remains to Avoid Disruption of Critical Services. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1999 Aug. Report No.: T-AIMD-99-267.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Bell KD. Fatherhood connected: A curriculum development project for adolescent fathers in the juvenile justice system [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. George RP. Interpretive Freedom. New York Times. 2012 Dec 23;BR22.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Abbreviation	J. Cardiothorac. Surg.
ISSN (online)	1749-8090
Scope	General Medicine Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Surgery