How to format your references using the Journal of Baltic Studies citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Baltic Studies. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Bull, James J. 2015. “Evolution: Reptile Sex Determination Goes Wild.” Nature 523 (7558): 43–44.

A journal article with 2 authors

Rella, S. F., and M. Uchida. 2014. “A Southern Ocean Trigger for Northwest Pacific Ventilation during the Holocene?” Scientific Reports 4 (February): 4046.

A journal article with 3 authors

Pelupessy, Philippe, Enrico Rennella, and Geoffrey Bodenhausen. 2009. “High-Resolution NMR in Magnetic Fields with Unknown Spatiotemporal Variations.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 324 (5935): 1693–1697.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Kirkegaard, Thomas, Anke G. Roth, Nikolaj H. T. Petersen, Ajay K. Mahalka, Ole Dines Olsen, Irina Moilanen, Alicja Zylicz, et al. 2010. “Hsp70 Stabilizes Lysosomes and Reverts Niemann-Pick Disease-Associated Lysosomal Pathology.” Nature 463 (7280): 549–553.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Ansorge, Rainer. 2005. Mathematical Models of Fluiddynamics. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

An edited book

George, Carlisle, Diane Whitehouse, and Penny Duquenoy, eds. 2013. EHealth: Legal, Ethical and Governance Challenges. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Wang, Tianran, Yi Zhang, Haibin Yu, and Feiyue Wang. 2012. “Key Technologies.” In Advanced Manufacturing Technology in China: A Roadmap to 2050, edited by Tianran Wang, Yi Zhang, Haibin Yu, and Feiyue Wang, 31–87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Baltic Studies.

Blog post

Andrew, Danielle. 2015. “Two-Headed Cobra Found In China.” IFLScience. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1986. Battlefield Automation: Status of the Army Command and Control System Program. NSIAD-86-184FS. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Al-Alawadhi, Fawzeyah. 2014. “Oral History of Women Educators in Kuwait: A Comparative Model of Care Ethics Between Noddings and Al-Ghazali.” Doctoral dissertation, Cincinnati, OH: University of Cincinnati.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Pinker, Susan. 2015. “Can Students Have Too Much Tech?” New York Times, January 30.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Bull 2015).
This sentence cites two references (Bull 2015; Rella and Uchida 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Rella and Uchida 2014)
Three authors: (Pelupessy, Rennella, and Bodenhausen 2009)
4 or more authors: (Kirkegaard et al. 2010)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Baltic Studies
Abbreviation	J. Balt. Stud.
ISSN (print)	0162-9778
ISSN (online)	1751-7877
Scope	Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) Cultural Studies