How to format your references using the Journal of Applied Ecology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Applied Ecology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Varki, A. (2007). Glycan-based interactions involving vertebrate sialic-acid-recognizing proteins. Nature, 446(7139), 1023–1029.

A journal article with 2 authors

Stapel, D. A., & Lindenberg, S. (2011). Coping with chaos: how disordered contexts promote stereotyping and discrimination. Science (New York, N.Y.), 332(6026), 251–253.

A journal article with 3 authors

Francis, N. J., Kingston, R. E., & Woodcock, C. L. (2004). Chromatin compaction by a polycomb group protein complex. Science (New York, N.Y.), 306(5701), 1574–1577.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Sepulchre, P., Ramstein, G., Fluteau, F., Schuster, M., Tiercelin, J.-J., & Brunet, M. (2006). Tectonic uplift and Eastern Africa aridification. Science (New York, N.Y.), 313(5792), 1419–1423.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kunz, W. (2016). Species Conservation in Managed Habitats. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

An edited book

Grass, D. (2008). Optimal Control of Nonlinear Processes: With Applications in Drugs, Corruption, and Terror (J. P. Caulkins, G. Feichtinger, G. Tragler, & D. A. Behrens, Eds.). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Küster, U., & Resch, M. M. (2008). Hardware Development and Impact on Numerical Algorithms. In E. Krause, Y. I. Shokin, M. Resch, & N. Shokina (Eds.), Computational Science and High Performance Computing III: The 3rd Russian-German Advanced Research Workshop, Novosibirsk, Russia, July 23 - 27, 2007 (pp. 44–51). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Applied Ecology.

Blog post

Luntz, S. (2016, July 3). Six Incredible Scientists Who Had To Flee Their Homelands As Refugees. Retrieved October 30, 2018, from IFLScience website: https://www.iflscience.com/physics/six-incredible-scientists-who-had-to-flee-their-homelands-as-refugees/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1982). Inquiry Into Allegations of Improprieties at the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (No. FPCD-83-23). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Fadamin, A. (2017). Synthesis, Characterization and Electrochemistry of the Ruthenium Schiff Base Complex [(Saloph)Ru(NO)Cl] (Doctoral dissertation). Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Saslow, L. (2006, September 30). Grants Will Aid First-Time Home Buyers. New York Times, p. LI2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Varki, 2007).
This sentence cites two references (Stapel & Lindenberg, 2011; Varki, 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Stapel & Lindenberg, 2011)
Three authors: (Francis, Kingston, & Woodcock, 2004)
6 or more authors: (Sepulchre et al., 2006)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Applied Ecology
Abbreviation	J. Appl. Ecol.
ISSN (print)	0021-8901
ISSN (online)	1365-2664
Scope	Ecology