How to format your references using the Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Goldbeter A. Computational approaches to cellular rhythms. Nature. 2002 Nov 14;420(6912):238–45.

A journal article with 2 authors

van Doorn GS, Kirkpatrick M. Turnover of sex chromosomes induced by sexual conflict. Nature. 2007 Oct 18;449(7164):909–12.

A journal article with 3 authors

Tsubogo T, Oyamada H, Kobayashi S. Multistep continuous-flow synthesis of (R)- and (S)-rolipram using heterogeneous catalysts. Nature. 2015 Apr 16;520(7547):329–32.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Klaholz BP, Pape T, Zavialov AV, Myasnikov AG, Orlova EV, Vestergaard B, et al. Structure of the Escherichia coli ribosomal termination complex with release factor 2. Nature. 2003 Jan 2;421(6918):90–4.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Vallin RW. The Elements of Cantor Sets. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

Freksa C, Knauff M, Krieg-Brückner B, Nebel B, Barkowsky T, editors. Spatial Cognition IV. Reasoning, Action, Interaction: International Conference Spatial Cognition 2004, Frauenchiemsee, Germany, October 11-13, 2004, Revised Selected Papers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2005. XIII, 519 p. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science; vol. 3343).

A chapter in an edited book

Buse K, Imbrock J, Krätzig E, Peithmann K. Photorefractive Effects in LiNbO3 and LiTaO3. In: Günter P, Huignard JP, editors. Photorefractive Materials and Their Applications 2: Materials. New York, NY: Springer; 2007. p. 83–126. (Springer Series in Optical Sciences).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus.

Blog post

Andrew E. Gene-Stimulating Molecules Rescue Mice From Drug-Induced Liver Damage [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/gene-stimulating-molecules-rescue-mice-drug-induced-liver-damage/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Outlay Savings From Program Reductions and Terminations. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1973 Apr. Report No.: 094540.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Cardillo-Geller L. Renegotiating relationships, patterns of grief and experiences of support: An examination of mothers’ relationships with their daughters following daughters’ loss of a husband in the September 11 th, 2001 World Trade Center attacks [Doctoral dissertation]. [New York, NY]: Columbia University; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Crow K. Watching the World, Never Mind the Cars, Go By. New York Times. 2000 Aug 27;145.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
Abbreviation	J. AAPOS
ISSN (print)	1091-8531
ISSN (online)	1528-3933
Scope	Ophthalmology Pediatrics, Perinatology, and Child Health