How to format your references using the Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Butler D. Quake triggers research expedition. Nature. 2003 Jun 12;423(6941):673.

A journal article with 2 authors

Prospero JM, Lamb PJ. African droughts and dust transport to the Caribbean: climate change implications. Science. 2003 Nov 7;302(5647):1024–7.

A journal article with 3 authors

Pepe F, Ehrenreich D, Meyer MR. Instrumentation for the detection and characterization of exoplanets. Nature. 2014 Sep 18;513(7518):358–66.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

van Gestel N, Shi Z, van Groenigen KJ, Osenberg CW, Andresen LC, Dukes JS, et al. Predicting soil carbon loss with warming. Nature. 2018 Feb 21;554(7693):E4–5.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Casadella V, Liu Z, Uzunidis D. Innovation Capabilities and Economic Development in Open Economies. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2015.

An edited book

Milano M, editor. Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming: 18th International Conference, CP 2012, Québec City, QC, Canada, October 8-12, 2012. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012. XXII, 1015 p. 237 illus. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science; vol. 7514).

A chapter in an edited book

Bender S. On Worlds, Laws and Tiles: Leibniz and the Problem of Compossibility. In: Brown G, Chiek Y, editors. Leibniz on Compossibility and Possible Worlds. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 65–90. (The New Synthese Historical Library).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus.

Blog post

Andrew E. Study Finds Association Between Poverty And Brain Development During Childhood [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/brain/study-finds-association-between-poverty-and-brain-development-during-childhood/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Year 2000 Computing Crisis: Readiness of State Automated Systems That Support Federal Human Services Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1999 Feb. Report No.: T-AIMD-99-91.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Coar H. Using mandalas to support grieving female adolescents: A case study [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Sisario B. Opening Challenge for Prince Museum. New York Times. 2016 Oct 5;C3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
Abbreviation	J. AAPOS
ISSN (print)	1091-8531
ISSN (online)	1528-3933
Scope	Ophthalmology Pediatrics, Perinatology, and Child Health