How to format your references using the Journal of African Trade citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of African Trade. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Levin, G.V., 2001. O2- ions and the Mars labeled release response. Science 291, 2041.

A journal article with 2 authors

Armitage, A.E., Drakesmith, H., 2014. Genetics. The battle for iron. Science 346, 1299–1300.

A journal article with 3 authors

Holland, N.D., Holland, L.Z., Holland, P.W.H., 2015. Scenarios for the making of vertebrates. Nature 520, 450–455.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Hublin, J.-J., Ben-Ncer, A., Bailey, S.E., Freidline, S.E., Neubauer, S., Skinner, M.M., Bergmann, I., Le Cabec, A., Benazzi, S., Harvati, K., Gunz, P., 2018. Author Correction: New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens. Nature 558, E6.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Calloway, J., 2007. Work Like You’re Showing Off! John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Abramowitz, J.S., Houts, A.C. (Eds.), 2005. Concepts and Controversies in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Series in Anxiety and Related Disorders. Springer US, Boston, MA.

A chapter in an edited book

Newcombe, D.S., 2013. Uric Acid Metabolism in Humans, in: Robinson, D.R. (Ed.), Gout: Basic Science and Clinical Practice. Springer, London, pp. 69–90.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of African Trade.

Blog post

O`Callaghan, J., 2016. Mysterious Dimming Star May Have A Giant Cloud Of Material Orbiting It [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/space/mysterious-dimming-star-may-have-a-giant-cloud-of-material-orbiting-it/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1999. Commercial Maritime Industry: Supplemental Information on Federal Assessments (No. RCED-99-260S). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Wilkerson, M.R., 2011. The Relationship Between Caring School Community Program Implementation and Elementary Student Achievement (Doctoral dissertation). Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Leibovich, M., 2013. The Redemption of the Slugger. New York Times MM18.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Levin, 2001).
This sentence cites two references (Armitage and Drakesmith, 2014; Levin, 2001).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Armitage and Drakesmith, 2014)
Three or more authors: (Hublin et al., 2018)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of African Trade
Abbreviation	J. Afr. Trade
ISSN (print)	2214-8515
Scope