How to format your references using the Journal of African Trade citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of African Trade. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Carpenter, S., 2007. Science careers. Carving a career in translational research. Science 317, 966–967.

A journal article with 2 authors

Medlock, J., Galvani, A.P., 2009. Optimizing influenza vaccine distribution. Science 325, 1705–1708.

A journal article with 3 authors

Yang, Z., Watanabe, S., Kato, T., 2013. The irradiation effect of a simultaneous laser and electron dual-beam on void formation. Sci. Rep. 3, 1201.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Mikucki, J.A., Pearson, A., Johnston, D.T., Turchyn, A.V., Farquhar, J., Schrag, D.P., Anbar, A.D., Priscu, J.C., Lee, P.A., 2009. A contemporary microbially maintained subglacial ferrous “ocean.” Science 324, 397–400.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Goddard Blythe, S., 2012. Assessing Neuromotor Readiness for Learning. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

Alpay, D., Vinnikov, V. (Eds.), 2007. System Theory, the Schur Algorithm and Multidimensional Analysis, Operator Theory: Advances and Applications. Birkhäuser, Basel.

A chapter in an edited book

Guedes, E.B., de Assis, F.M., Medeiros, R.A.C., 2016. Zero-Error Capacity of Quantum Channels, in: de Assis, F.M., Medeiros, R.A.C. (Eds.), Quantum Zero-Error Information Theory. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 79–106.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of African Trade.

Blog post

Andrew, D., 2016. We’ve Been Wrong About The Origins Of Life For 90 Years [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/weve-been-wrong-about-the-origins-of-life-for-90-years/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2004. Space Shuttle: Further Improvements Needed in NASA’s Modernization Efforts (No. GAO-04-203). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Fox, R.N., 2009. Interpreting architecture: A Krauszian approach (Doctoral dissertation). California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Sarotte, M.E., 2014. How the Berlin Wall Really Fell. New York Times A21.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Carpenter, 2007).
This sentence cites two references (Carpenter, 2007; Medlock and Galvani, 2009).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Medlock and Galvani, 2009)
Three or more authors: (Mikucki et al., 2009)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of African Trade
Abbreviation	J. Afr. Trade
ISSN (print)	2214-8515
Scope