How to format your references using the Journal of African Trade citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of African Trade. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Polaszek, A., 2005. A universal register for animal names. Nature 437, 477.

A journal article with 2 authors

Tuthill, P.G., Lloyd, J.P., 2007. A symmetric bipolar nebula around MWC 922. Science 316, 247.

A journal article with 3 authors

Gregoire, L.J., Payne, A.J., Valdes, P.J., 2012. Deglacial rapid sea level rises caused by ice-sheet saddle collapses. Nature 487, 219–222.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Jansen, C.A., de Geus, E.D., van Haarlem, D.A., van de Haar, P.M., Löndt, B.Z., Graham, S.P., Göbel, T.W., van Eden, W., Brookes, S.M., Vervelde, L., 2013. Differential lung NK cell responses in avian influenza virus infected chickens correlate with pathogenicity. Sci. Rep. 3, 2478.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Borisenko, V.E., Ossicini, S., 2012. What is What in the Nanoworld. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany.

An edited book

Mann, A., 2013. The Innovative CIO: How IT Leaders Can Drive Business Transformation. Apress, Berkeley, CA.

A chapter in an edited book

Viera, M., Pogliani, C., Donati, E., 2007. Recovery Of Zinc, Nickel, Cobalt And Other Metals By Bioleaching, in: Donati, E.R., Sand, W. (Eds.), Microbial Processing of Metal Sulfides. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp. 103–119.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of African Trade.

Blog post

Andrew, D., 2017. What’s The Point Of Sex? It’s Good For Your Physical, Social And Mental Health [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1993. Test and Evaluation: DOD Has Been Slow In Improving Testing of Software-Intensive Systems (No. NSIAD-93-198). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Kim, S.A., 2009. Development of an age-appropriate, facility-specific nutrition screening and assessment tool for the elderly (Doctoral dissertation). California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Koblin, J., 2017. Grammy Awards Gain a Million More Viewers. New York Times C3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Polaszek, 2005).
This sentence cites two references (Polaszek, 2005; Tuthill and Lloyd, 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Tuthill and Lloyd, 2007)
Three or more authors: (Jansen et al., 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of African Trade
Abbreviation	J. Afr. Trade
ISSN (print)	2214-8515
Scope