How to format your references using the Joule citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Joule. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Waters AP. Parasitology. Guilty until proven otherwise. Science 2003;301:1487–8.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Barbi E, Vaupel JW. Comment on “Inflammatory exposure and historical changes in human life-spans.” Science 2005;308:1743; author reply 1743.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Haas JS, Zavala B, Landisman CE. Activity-dependent long-term depression of electrical synapses. Science 2011;334:389–93.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Malliri A, van der Kammen RA, Clark K, van der Valk M, Michiels F, Collard JG. Mice deficient in the Rac activator Tiam1 are resistant to Ras-induced skin tumours. Nature 2002;417:867–71.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Michaelian KH. Photoacoustic Infrared Spectroscopy. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2005.

An edited book

[1]

Bhowmick SS, Küng J, Wagner R, editors. Database and Expert Systems Applications: 20th International Conference, DEXA 2009, Linz, Austria, August 31 – September 4, 2009. Proceedings. vol. 5690. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Nhat PV, Leszczynski J, Nguyen MT. Growth Mechanism, Energetics and CO Affinities of Vanadium Doped Gold Clusters, AunV with n = 1−20. In: Leszczynski J, Shukla MK, editors. Practical Aspects of Computational Chemistry III, Boston, MA: Springer US; 2014, p. 107–49.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Joule.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew D. Here’s What The Maximum Amount Of Caffeine You Should Be Drinking In A Day Looks Like. IFLScience 2016.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Analysis of NASA’s Supplemental FY 1979 Budget Request. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1979.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Takele T. Confinement Mechanisms in Quantum Chromodynamics. Doctoral dissertation. University of Cincinnati, 2003.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Leland J. Carlsen, ‘Mozart of Chess,’ Overwhelms Challenger to Win Championship. New York Times 2016:A29.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Joule
Abbreviation	Joule
ISSN (print)	2542-4351
Scope