How to format your references using the Joule citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Joule. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Sack FD. Plant sciences. Yoda would be proud: valves for land plants. Science 2004;304:1461–2.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Pallen MJ, Wren BW. Bacterial pathogenomics. Nature 2007;449:835–42.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Santos MD, Dorogovtsev SN, Mendes JFF. Biased imitation in coupled evolutionary games in interdependent networks. Sci Rep 2014;4:4436.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Koide S, Shibata K, Kudoh T, Meier DL. Extraction of black hole rotational energy by a magnetic field and the formation of relativistic jets. Science 2002;295:1688–91.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Sokhanvar S, Dargahi J, Najarian S, Arbatani S. Tactile Sensing and Displays. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2012.

An edited book

[1]

Wittmann C, Krull R, editors. Biosystems Engineering II: Linking Cellular Networks and Bioprocesses. vol. 121. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Clegg D. Combating Poverty Through ‘Active Inclusion’? The European and National Contexts. In: Johansson H, Panican A, editors. Combating Poverty in Local Welfare Systems, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK; 2016, p. 77–104.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Joule.

Blog post

[1]

Luntz S. Rosetta Witnesses The Origins of Meteors. IFLScience 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Computer Systems: Overview of Federal Systems for Processing Aliens Seeking U.S. Entry. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1988.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Than K. The impact of companion pets on the well-being of older adults. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach, 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Landler M, Gordon MR. President Cedes Afghan Strategy To the Pentagon. New York Times 2017:A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Joule
Abbreviation	Joule
ISSN (print)	2542-4351
Scope