How to format your references using the Investigative Radiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Investigative Radiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Deweerdt S. Prevention: activity is the best medicine. Nature. 2011;475(7355):S16-7.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Keeling RF, Visbeck M. Palaeoceanography. Antarctic stratification and glacial CO2. Nature. 2001;412(6847):605–606.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Regan CK, Craig SL, Brauman JI. Steric effects and solvent effects in ionic reactions. Science. 2002;295(5563):2245–2247.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

1. Angelaki DE, Shaikh AG, Green AM, et al. Neurons compute internal models of the physical laws of motion. Nature. 2004;430(6999):560–564.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Lee KB. Principles of Microelectromechanical Systems. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2011.

An edited book

1. Lippert RK, Walby K, Warren I, et al. eds. National Security, Surveillance and Terror: Canada and Australia in Comparative Perspective. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Bohacek J, Mansuy IM. Epigenetic Inheritance in Mammals. In: Sassone Corsi P, Christen Y, eds. Epigenetics, Brain and Behavior. Research and Perspectives in Neurosciences. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012:55–62.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Investigative Radiology.

Blog post

1. Carpineti A. A Climate Change Study Just Got Canceled Due To Climate Change. IFLScience. 2017. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/climate-change-study-just-got-canceled-due-to-climate-change/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Examination Into Certain Contract Costs for the E-2C Aircraft Program. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1973.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Obidos C. Attitudes toward and knowledge of advance directives: A quantitative study. 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Walsh MW. European Debt Crisis Could Touch A.I.G. New York Times. May 22, 2010:B8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Investigative Radiology
Abbreviation	Invest. Radiol.
ISSN (print)	0020-9996
ISSN (online)	1536-0210
Scope	General Medicine Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging