How to format your references using the Investigative Radiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Investigative Radiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Smaglik P. Bricks and mortar. Arizona plots a course. Nature. 2004;428(6984):782.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Cassidy DB, Mills AP Jr. The production of molecular positronium. Nature. 2007;449(7159):195–197.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Dubrovinskaia N, Dubrovinsky L, Solozhenko VL. Comment on “Synthesis of ultra-incompressible superhard rhenium diboride at ambient pressure.” Science. 2007;318(5856):1550; author reply 1550.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

1. Goto-Inoue N, Yamada K, Inagaki A, et al. Lipidomics analysis revealed the phospholipid compositional changes in muscle by chronic exercise and high-fat diet. Sci. Rep. 2013;3:3267.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Sobel A. All for One. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2009.

An edited book

1. Friesen N, Henriksson C, Saevi T eds. Hermeneutic Phenomenology in Education: Method and Practice. Rotterdam: SensePublishers; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Kirkbride JB. Impact of Contextual Environmental Mechanisms on the Incidence of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses. In: Gattaz WF, Busatto G, eds. Advances in Schizophrenia Research 2009. New York, NY: Springer; 2010:67–96.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Investigative Radiology.

Blog post

1. Hale T. Watch This Kid Perfectly Sum Up All The Evidence That Vaccinations Cause Autism. IFLScience. 2016. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/this-kid-perfectly-sums-evidence-autism-and-vaccinations/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. West Coast Ports: Better Supply Chain Information Could Improve DOT’s Freight Efforts. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2016.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Daczo Z. Wage inequality and the gender wage gap: Are American women swimming upstream? 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Rothenberg B. Murray, on a High, Raises His Sights. New York Times. September 1, 2016:B13.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Investigative Radiology
Abbreviation	Invest. Radiol.
ISSN (print)	0020-9996
ISSN (online)	1536-0210
Scope	General Medicine Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging