How to format your references using the Investigative Radiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Investigative Radiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Sanderson K. Vaccination: A durable design. Nature. 2012;488(7413):S7.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Froemke RC, Dan Y. Spike-timing-dependent synaptic modification induced by natural spike trains. Nature. 2002;416(6879):433–438.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Micol-Ponce R, Aguilera V, Ponce MR. A genetic screen for suppressors of a hypomorphic allele of Arabidopsis ARGONAUTE1. Sci. Rep. 2014;4:5533.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

1. Zhang T, Lu G, Shen H, et al. Photoluminescence of a single complex plasmonic nanoparticle. Sci. Rep. 2014;4:3867.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Pakurar AS, Bigbee JW. Digital Histology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2005.

An edited book

1. Bahrami H. Super-Flexibility for Knowledge Enterprises: A Toolkit for Dynamic Adaptation. (Evans S, ed.). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Stagnari F, Ramazzotti S, Pisante M. Conservation Agriculture: A Different Approach for Crop Production Through Sustainable Soil and Water Management: A Review. In: Lichtfouse E, ed. Organic Farming, Pest Control and Remediation of Soil Pollutants: Organic farming, pest control and remediation of soil pollutants. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2010:55–83.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Investigative Radiology.

Blog post

1. Davis J. World’s Largest Geoengineering Study Planned By Harvard Scientists. IFLScience. 2017. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/worlds-largest-geoengineering-study-planned-by-harvard-scientists/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Customs Service Modernization: Actions Initiated to Correct ACE Management and Technical Weaknesses. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1999.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Garcia MJ. Teacher knowledge of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and effective classroom interventions. 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Wagner J. Rookie Succeeds With Two Motivations: Playoff Race and His Student Loans. New York Times. September 12, 2016:D2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Investigative Radiology
Abbreviation	Invest. Radiol.
ISSN (print)	0020-9996
ISSN (online)	1536-0210
Scope	General Medicine Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging