How to format your references using the International Orthopaedics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Orthopaedics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Mandavilli A (2004) Struggling to make an impact. Nature 430:935

A journal article with 2 authors

Gislason SR, Oelkers EH (2014) Geochemistry. Carbon storage in basalt. Science 344:373–374

A journal article with 3 authors

Yan D, Zhou Y, Hou J (2004) Supramolecular self-assembly of macroscopic tubes. Science 303:65–67

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Emery P, Stanewsky R, Hall JC, Rosbash M (2000) A unique circadian-rhythm photoreceptor. Nature 404:456–457

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Shafer G, Vovk V (2005) Probability and Finance: It’s Only a Game! John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Wang F-H (2009) Innovations in Digital Watermarking Techniques. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Sofronie-Stokkermans V (2009) Locality Results for Certain Extensions of Theories with Bridging Functions. In: Schmidt RA (ed) Automated Deduction – CADE-22: 22nd International Conference on Automated Deduction, Montreal, Canada, August 2-7, 2009. Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 67–83

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Orthopaedics.

Blog post

Davis J (2015) Evidence For The Earliest Oxygen-Producing Organisms Found In 3.4-BILLION-Year-Old Rocks. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/evidence-earliest-oxygen-producing-organisms-found-34-billion-year-old-rocks/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2013) Department of Homeland Security: Oversight and Coordination of Research and Development Efforts Could Be Strengthened. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

McGaughey KM (2017) Textural juxtaposition: Representing the natural and the human in Elements. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Yablonsky L (2013) Beautiful Ruins. New York Times M288

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	International Orthopaedics
Abbreviation	Int. Orthop.
ISSN (print)	0341-2695
ISSN (online)	1432-5195
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine