How to format your references using the International Orthopaedics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Orthopaedics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Schmidt C (2012) Bioelectronics: The bionic material. Nature 483:S37

A journal article with 2 authors

Dar-Nimrod I, Heine SJ (2006) Exposure to scientific theories affects women’s math performance. Science 314:435

A journal article with 3 authors

Whiting MF, Bradler S, Maxwell T (2003) Loss and recovery of wings in stick insects. Nature 421:264–267

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Hatta M, Gao P, Halfmann P, Kawaoka Y (2001) Molecular basis for high virulence of Hong Kong H5N1 influenza A viruses. Science 293:1840–1842

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kent J (2017) ADA in Details. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Rosenberg Z (2016) Terminal Ballistics, 2nd ed. 2016. Springer, Singapore

A chapter in an edited book

Dal Lago U, Rioli A (2015) Applicative Bisimulation and Quantum λ-Calculi. In: Dastani M, Sirjani M (eds) Fundamentals of Software Engineering: 6th International Conference, FSEN 2015, Tehran, Iran, April 22-24, 2015. Revised Selected Papers. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 54–68

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Orthopaedics.

Blog post

Taub B (2016) English Bulldog Genetic Diversity May Now Be Too Low To Save The Breed. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/english-bulldog-genetic-diversity-may-now-too-low-save-breed/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1990) Supplemental Student Loans: Legislative Changes Have Sharply Reduced Loan Volume. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Robert NA (2017) Cortile: World Building & the Traveler Archetype. Doctoral dissertation, University of Louisiana

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Sisario B (2016) A Burst of Activity, Then a Fall in the Night. New York Times C4

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	International Orthopaedics
Abbreviation	Int. Orthop.
ISSN (print)	0341-2695
ISSN (online)	1432-5195
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine