How to format your references using the International Orthopaedics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Orthopaedics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Warren WS (2001) Nuclear magnetic resonance. Multidimensional symmetry in a three-dimensional world. Science 294:1475–1476

A journal article with 2 authors

Benedito R, Adams RH (2009) Development. Aorta’s cardinal secret. Science 326:242–243

A journal article with 3 authors

Tang R-Y, Li G, Yu J-Q (2014) Conformation-induced remote meta-C-H activation of amines. Nature 507:215–220

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Liao JC, Beal DN, Lauder GV, Triantafyllou MS (2003) Fish exploiting vortices decrease muscle activity. Science 302:1566–1569

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Ramirez J (2007) Accounting for Derivatives. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Oxford, UK

An edited book

Taubenfeld G (2008) Distributed Computing: 22nd International Symposium, DISC 2008, Arcachon, France, September 22-24, 2008. Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Ellis JT, Sims RC, Miller CD (2012) Monitoring Microbial Diversity of Bioreactors Using Metagenomic Approaches. In: Wang X, Chen J, Quinn P (eds) Reprogramming Microbial Metabolic Pathways. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 73–94

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Orthopaedics.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) Sexist Peer Reviewer Suggests Study Needs Male Authors. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/sexist-peer-reviewer-suggests-study-needs-male-authors/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2007) Business Systems Modernization: Air Force Needs to Fully Define Policies and Procedures for Institutionally Managing Investments. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Johnson L (2010) A cross-cultural examination of the needs and behaviors of female caregivers of cancer patients at the end of life: A theoretical elaboration. Doctoral dissertation, George Washington University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

MacFARQUHAR N (2017) Thousands of Russians Present Letters of Protest in Demonstrations. New York Times A9

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	International Orthopaedics
Abbreviation	Int. Orthop.
ISSN (print)	0341-2695
ISSN (online)	1432-5195
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine