How to format your references using the International Journal of Surgery Open citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Surgery Open. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

De Libero G. Immunology. The Robin Hood of antigen presentation. Science 2004;303:485–7.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Pilkey OH, Cooper JAG. Climate. Society and sea level rise. Science 2004;303:1781–2.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Ekström G, Nettles M, Tsai VC. Seasonality and increasing frequency of Greenland glacial earthquakes. Science 2006;311:1756–8.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Arai-Sanoh Y, Takai T, Yoshinaga S, Nakano H, Kojima M, Sakakibara H, et al. Deep rooting conferred by DEEPER ROOTING 1 enhances rice yield in paddy fields. Sci Rep 2014;4:5563.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Battu D. New Telecom Networks. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2014.

An edited book

[1]

Kowarik I, Körner S, editors. Wild Urban Woodlands: New Perspectives for Urban Forestry. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Tsujimoto Y. Suppression of Cavitation Instabilities. In: d’Agostino L, Salvetti MV, editors. Fluid Dynamics of Cavitation and Cavitating Turbopumps, Vienna: Springer; 2007, p. 211–29.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Surgery Open.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew E. Study Reveals New Approach For Blocking Neuronal Damage From Stress. IFLScience 2014. https://www.iflscience.com/brain/study-reveals-new-approach-blocking-neuronal-damage-stress/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Observations on the FBI’s Interstate Identification Index. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1984.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Hamilton MA. Experiences of Everyday Racism: Understanding the Racial Difference in Perceptions of Physicians’ Cultural Competence. Doctoral dissertation. University of Cincinnati, 2003.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Williams T, Fernandez M. Victim Posed No Threat to Police, Family Says. New York Times 2016:A14.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Surgery Open
Abbreviation	Int. J. Surg. Open
ISSN (print)	2405-8572
Scope