How to format your references using the International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Garrett C. Ocean science. Enhanced: internal tides and ocean mixing. Science. 2003;301(5641):1858-1859.

A journal article with 2 authors

Chou IH, Chouard T. Neuropsychiatric disease. Nature. 2008;455(7215):889.

A journal article with 3 authors

Batson PE, Dellby N, Krivanek OL. Sub-ångstrom resolution using aberration corrected electron optics. Nature. 2002;418(6898):617-620.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Mumby PJ, Chisholm JR, Clark CD, Hedley JD, Jaubert J. Spectrographic imaging. A bird’s-eye view of the health of coral reefs. Nature. 2001;413(6851):36.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kirchner T. Merger Arbitrage. John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2016.

An edited book

Cudd AE, Scholz SJ, eds. Philosophical Perspectives on Democracy in the 21st Century. Vol 5. Springer International Publishing; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

Simpson C, Marinov M. University Autonomy in the Age of Marketization. In: Turcan RV, Reilly JE, Bugaian L, eds. (Re)Discovering University Autonomy: The Global Market Paradox of Stakeholder and Educational Values in Higher Education. Unpublished MSc thesis. Palgrave Macmillan US; 2016:73-84.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences.

Blog post

Evans K. UK Supermarket Trials Donating Waste Sugar To Hungry Bees. IFLScience. February 9, 2017. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/uk-supermarket-trials-donating-waste-sugar-to-hungry-bees/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Smart Highways: Challenges Facing DOT’s Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems Program. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1994.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Williams B. The Impact on Reunification for Families with Incarcerated Parents: A Policy Analysis of the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

McKINLEY JC Jr. 2nd Etan Patz Jury Knew Members of First Jury Were Watching, Defense Says. New York Times. February 28, 2017:A23.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences
Abbreviation	Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. (1997)
ISSN (print)	1365-1609
Scope	Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology