How to format your references using the International Journal of Geomechanics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Geomechanics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Matzke, N. J. 2016. “The evolution of antievolution policies after Kitzmiller versus Dover.” Science, 351 (6268): 28–30.

A journal article with 2 authors

Raymo, M. E., and P. Huybers. 2008. “Unlocking the mysteries of the ice ages.” Nature, 451 (7176): 284–285.

A journal article with 3 authors

Templeton, C. N., E. Greene, and K. Davis. 2005. “Allometry of alarm calls: black-capped chickadees encode information about predator size.” Science, 308 (5730): 1934–1937.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Lucas, R. J., S. Hattar, M. Takao, D. M. Berson, R. G. Foster, and K.-W. Yau. 2003. “Diminished pupillary light reflex at high irradiances in melanopsin-knockout mice.” Science, 299 (5604): 245–247.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Good, P. I. 2006. A Manager’s Guide to the Design and Conduct of Clinical Trials. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Scherer, P. 2010. Theoretical Molecular Biophysics. Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering, (S. F. Fischer, ed.). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Kinsley, H., and W. McGugan. 2015. “Creating Visuals.” Beginning Python Games Development: With Pygame, W. McGugan, ed., 61–81. Berkeley, CA: Apress.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Geomechanics.

Blog post

Andrew, E. 2013. “The Science of the Obesity Epidemic.” IFLScience. IFLScience. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/science-obesity-epidemic/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2015. 2020 Census: Key Information Technology Decisions Must Be Made Soon. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Thompson, M. C. 2008. “Autonomy in occupational health nursing: An application of Abbott’s Theory of Professions.” Doctoral dissertation. New York, NY: Columbia University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Gustines, G. G. 2010. “Comic-Book Heroes Drawn From Reality.” New York Times, July 29, 2010.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Matzke 2016).
This sentence cites two references (Matzke 2016; Raymo and Huybers 2008).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Raymo and Huybers 2008)
Three or more authors: (Lucas et al. 2003)

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Geomechanics
Abbreviation	Int. J. Geomech.
ISSN (print)	1532-3641
ISSN (online)	1943-5622
Scope	Soil Science

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