How to format your references using the International Journal of Geomechanics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Geomechanics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Baker, M. 2010. “Whole-animal imaging: Probe progress.” Nature, 463 (7283): 979.

A journal article with 2 authors

Scruggs, J., and P. Jacob. 2009. “Engineering. Harvesting ocean wave energy.” Science, 323 (5918): 1176–1178.

A journal article with 3 authors

Merilä, J., L. E. Kruuk, and B. C. Sheldon. 2001. “Cryptic evolution in a wild bird population.” Nature, 412 (6842): 76–79.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Mahajan, S., G. Machabeli, Z. Osmanov, and N. Chkheidze. 2013. “Ultra high energy electrons powered by pulsar rotation.” Sci. Rep., 3: 1262.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Quesnel, F. 2014. Scheduling of Large-Scale Virtualized Infrastructures. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Rubin, P., L. S. Constine, and L. B. Marks (Eds.). 2014. ALERT • Adverse Late Effects of Cancer Treatment: Volume 2: Normal Tissue Specific Sites and Systems. Medical Radiology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Tsai, F. S., Y. Chen, and K. L. Chan. 2007. “Probabilistic Techniques for Corporate Blog Mining.” Emerging Technologies in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining: PAKDD 2007 International Workshops Nanjing, China, May 22-25, 2007 Revised Selected Papers, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, T. Washio, Z.-H. Zhou, J. Z. Huang, X. Hu, J. Li, C. Xie, J. He, D. Zou, K.-C. Li, and M. M. Freire, eds., 35–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Geomechanics.

Blog post

Andrew, E. 2015. “New Gadget Can Turn Any HDTV Into A Desktop Computer.” IFLScience. IFLScience. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2003. Opportunities for Oversight and Improved Use of Taxpayer Funds: Examples from Selected GAO Work. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Rice, H. J. 2010. “Before the Storm: Evacuation Intention and Audience Segmentation.” Doctoral dissertation. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly, S. 2002. “Op-Art.” New York Times, March 24, 2002.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Baker 2010).
This sentence cites two references (Baker 2010; Scruggs and Jacob 2009).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Scruggs and Jacob 2009)
Three or more authors: (Mahajan et al. 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Geomechanics
Abbreviation	Int. J. Geomech.
ISSN (print)	1532-3641
ISSN (online)	1943-5622
Scope	Soil Science