How to format your references using the International Journal of Geomechanics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Geomechanics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Overbaugh, J. 2011. “24/7 isn’t the only way: A healthy work-life balance can enhance research.” Nature, 477 (7362): 27–28.

A journal article with 2 authors

Lowell, B. B., and G. I. Shulman. 2005. “Mitochondrial dysfunction and type 2 diabetes.” Science, 307 (5708): 384–387.

A journal article with 3 authors

Almeda, R., T. L. Connelly, and E. J. Buskey. 2014. “Novel insight into the role of heterotrophic dinoflagellates in the fate of crude oil in the sea.” Sci. Rep., 4: 7560.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Gaidos, E., N. Haghighipour, E. Agol, D. Latham, S. Raymond, and J. Rayner. 2007. “New worlds on the horizon: Earth-sized planets close to other stars.” Science, 318 (5848): 210–213.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Shover, L. 2010. Trading Options in Turbulent Markets. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Mondal, P. P. 2014. Fundamentals of Fluorescence Microscopy: Exploring Life with Light. (A. Diaspro, ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

A chapter in an edited book

Axelsen, H. B., R. Glück, and R. Kaarsgaard. 2016. “A Classical Propositional Logic for Reasoning About Reversible Logic Circuits.” Logic, Language, Information, and Computation: 23rd International Workshop, WoLLIC 2016, Puebla, Mexico, August 16-19th, 2016. Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, J. Väänänen, Å. Hirvonen, and R. de Queiroz, eds., 52–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Geomechanics.

Blog post

Carpineti, A. 2015. “Intelligent Dressing Glows When Wounds Are Infected.” IFLScience. IFLScience. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/intelligent-dressing-detects-infections-wounds/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1997. Highway Safety: NHTSA’s Motorcycle Helmet Activities. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Cruz, W. 2009. “Extended services post reunification to enhance parent-child attachments: A grant proposal.” Doctoral dissertation. Long Beach, CA: California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Walsh, M. W. 2012. “Next Chicago School Crisis: Pension Fund.” New York Times, September 19, 2012.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Overbaugh 2011).
This sentence cites two references (Lowell and Shulman 2005; Overbaugh 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Lowell and Shulman 2005)
Three or more authors: (Gaidos et al. 2007)

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Geomechanics
Abbreviation	Int. J. Geomech.
ISSN (print)	1532-3641
ISSN (online)	1943-5622
Scope	Soil Science