How to format your references using the International Journal of Forecasting citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Forecasting. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Hochstrasser, M. (2009). Origin and function of ubiquitin-like proteins. Nature, 458(7237), 422–429.

A journal article with 2 authors

Raser, J. M., & O’Shea, E. K. (2004). Control of stochasticity in eukaryotic gene expression. Science (New York, N.Y.), 304(5678), 1811–1814.

A journal article with 3 authors

Moses, M. J., Fettinger, J. C., & Eichhorn, B. W. (2003). Interpenetrating As20 fullerene and Ni12 icosahedra in the onion-skin [As@Ni12@As20]3- ion. Science (New York, N.Y.), 300(5620), 778–780.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Paul, K., Erhardt, M., Hirano, T., Blair, D. F., & Hughes, K. T. (2008). Energy source of flagellar type III secretion. Nature, 451(7177), 489–492.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Aubrey, S. B. (2010). The Profitable Hobby Farm. Wiley Publishing, Inc.

An edited book

Valderrabano, V., & Easley, M. (Eds.). (2016). Foot and Ankle Sports Orthopaedics. Springer International Publishing.

A chapter in an edited book

Berdine, J. (2009). Automatic Verification of Heap Manipulation Using Separation Logic. In M. Nielsen, A. Kučera, P. B. Miltersen, C. Palamidessi, P. Tůma, & F. Valencia (Eds.), SOFSEM 2009: Theory and Practice of Computer Science: 35th Conference on Current Trends in Theory and Practice of Computer Science, Špindlerův Mlýn, Czech Republic, January 24-30, 2009. Proceedings (pp. 34–34). Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Forecasting.

Blog post

Hale, T. (2016, November 23). Video Shows Otters Drown And Kill A Monkey At A Zoo. IFLScience; IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (2007). Joint Strike Fighter: Progress Made and Challenges Remain (GAO-07-360). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Cacciola, J. A. (2010). A quantitative study on retaining leadership talent within a naval aviation squadron [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Phoenix.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Hodara, S. (2017, September 20). You Can Just Put That Cookie Cutter Away. New York Times, RE8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Hochstrasser, 2009).
This sentence cites two references (Hochstrasser, 2009; Raser & O’Shea, 2004).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Raser & O’Shea, 2004)
Three authors: (Moses et al., 2003)
6 or more authors: (Paul et al., 2008)

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Forecasting
Abbreviation	Int. J. Forecast.
ISSN (print)	0169-2070
Scope	Business and International Management