How to format your references using the International Journal of Digital Earth citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Digital Earth. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Wootton, J. Timothy. 2005. “Field Parameterization and Experimental Test of the Neutral Theory of Biodiversity.” Nature 433 (7023): 309–312.

A journal article with 2 authors

Murai, Keith K., and Elena B. Pasquale. 2008. “Neuroscience. Axons Seek Neighborly Advice.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 320 (5873): 185–186.

A journal article with 3 authors

Hu, Hua, Jian Gan, and Peter Jonas. 2014. “Interneurons. Fast-Spiking, Parvalbumin⁺ GABAergic Interneurons: From Cellular Design to Microcircuit Function.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 345 (6196): 1255263.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Yip, Calvin K., Tyler G. Kimbrough, Heather B. Felise, Marija Vuckovic, Nikhil A. Thomas, Richard A. Pfuetzner, Elizabeth A. Frey, B. Brett Finlay, Samuel I. Miller, and Natalie C. J. Strynadka. 2005. “Structural Characterization of the Molecular Platform for Type III Secretion System Assembly.” Nature 435 (7042): 702–707.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Wolf, Edward L., and Manasa Medikonda. 2012. Understanding the Nanotechnology Revolution. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

An edited book

Ehrlenspiel, Klaus. 2007. Cost-Efficient Design. Edited by Alfons Kiewert, Udo Lindemann, and Mahendra S. Hundal. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Schwarz, Thomas, Matthias Grossmann, Daniela Nicklas, and Bernhard Mitschang. 2007. “Exploiting Type and Space in a Main Memory Query Engine.” In Advances in Geoinformatics: VIII Brazilian Symposium on GeoInformatics, GEOINFO 2006, Campos Do Jordão (SP), Brazil, November 19–22, 2006, edited by Clodoveu Augusto Davis and Antônio Miguel Vieira Monteiro, 47–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Digital Earth.

Blog post

Hale, Tom. 2016. “Tesla Powers A Whole Island With Solar Power.” IFLScience. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1992. Federal Research: Small Business Innovation Research Shows Success but Can Be Strengthened. RCED-92-37. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Peters, Amy. 2009. “The Mark of Gender: Depicting Power and the Female Body in Colonial Peru.” Doctoral dissertation, Long Beach, CA: California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Grynbaum, Michael M. 2017. “The Incredible Shrinking White House Briefing.” New York Times, June 23.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Wootton 2005).
This sentence cites two references (Wootton 2005; Murai and Pasquale 2008).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Murai and Pasquale 2008)
Three authors: (Hu, Gan, and Jonas 2014)
4 or more authors: (Yip et al. 2005)

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Digital Earth
Abbreviation	Int. J. Digit. Earth
ISSN (print)	1753-8947
ISSN (online)	1753-8955
Scope	Computer Science Applications Software General Earth and Planetary Sciences