How to format your references using the Information Processing and Management citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Information Processing and Management. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Powell, K. (2007). The places in between. Nature, 446(7138), 944–945.

A journal article with 2 authors

Long, L., & Ye, H. (2014). How to be smart and energy efficient: a general discussion on thermochromic windows. Scientific Reports, 4, 6427.

A journal article with 3 authors

Ryugo, D. K., Kretzmer, E. A., & Niparko, J. K. (2005). Restoration of auditory nerve synapses in cats by cochlear implants. Science (New York, N.Y.), 310(5753), 1490–1492.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Nishibayashi, Y., Saito, M., Uemura, S., Takekuma, S.-I., Takekuma, H., & Yoshida, Z.-I. (2004). Buckminsterfullerenes: a non-metal system for nitrogen fixation. Nature, 428(6980), 279–280.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Atkin, N., Biddiss, M., & Tallett, F. (2011). The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789. Wiley-Blackwell.

An edited book

Lewis, R. (2013). iPhone and iPad Apps for Absolute Beginners (C. Mello, Ed.; 3rd Edition). Apress.

A chapter in an edited book

Teixeira, R. F. S., & Leite, N. J. (2011). Unsupervised Fingerprint Segmentation Based on Multiscale Directional Information. In C. San Martin & S.-W. Kim (Eds.), Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis, Computer Vision, and Applications: 16th Iberoamerican Congress, CIARP 2011, Pucón, Chile, November 15-18, 2011. Proceedings (pp. 38–46). Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Information Processing and Management.

Blog post

Hale, T. (2016, July 6). This Cricket Was Infested By “Mind Controlling” Worms. IFLScience; IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/this-bug-was-infested-by-mind-controlling-worms/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (2012). Federal Communications Commission: Regulatory Fee Process Needs to Be Updated (GAO-12-686). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Jobanputra, M. C. (2002). Investigation of Organic Thin Films for Application in Electro-optic Devices [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Cincinnati.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Pilon, M. (2013, December 30). At the End, the Telltale Runners’ Bags. New York Times, D6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Powell, 2007).
This sentence cites two references (Long & Ye, 2014; Powell, 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Long & Ye, 2014)
Three authors: (Ryugo et al., 2005)
6 or more authors: (Nishibayashi et al., 2004)

About the journal

Full journal title	Information Processing and Management
Abbreviation	Inf. Process. Manag.
ISSN (print)	0306-4573
Scope	Computer Science Applications Information Systems Management Science and Operations Research Media Technology Library and Information Sciences