How to format your references using the Infant Observation citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Infant Observation. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Zwier, T. S. (2012). Chemistry. Probing frozen molecular embraces. Science (New York, N.Y.), 335(6069), 668–669.

A journal article with 2 authors

Kaib, N. A., & Quinn, T. (2009). Reassessing the source of long-period comets. Science (New York, N.Y.), 325(5945), 1234–1236.

A journal article with 3 authors

Inoue, M., Tanimoto, M., & Oda, Y. (2013). The role of ear stone size in hair cell acoustic sensory transduction. Scientific Reports, 3, 2114.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

McGregor, A. P., Orgogozo, V., Delon, I., Zanet, J., Srinivasan, D. G., Payre, F., & Stern, D. L. (2007). Morphological evolution through multiple cis-regulatory mutations at a single gene. Nature, 448(7153), 587–590.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Gordon, M. J., Jr. (2010). Total Quality Process Control for Injection Molding. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Barceló, D. (Ed.). (2007). Fuel Oxygenates. Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Leung, C. B., & Wang, Y. (2012). Influences of the Cultural Revolution on Chinese Literacy Instruction. In C. B. Leung & J. Ruan (Eds.), Perspectives on Teaching and Learning Chinese Literacy in China (pp. 49–60). Springer Netherlands.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Infant Observation.

Blog post

Hale, T. (2017, March 17). Antarctica Has Millions More Adélie Penguins Than We Thought. IFLScience; IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/antarctica-has-millions-more-adlie-penguins-than-we-thought/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (2012). Aviation Security: 9/11 Anniversary Observations on TSA’s Progress and Challenges in Strengthening Aviation Security (GAO-12-1024T). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Koonin, L. M. (2013). Acceptability of pharmacies serving as primary dispensers of antiviral drugs during an influenza pandemic: Perspectives of pharmacy executives [Doctoral dissertation]. University of North Carolina.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

McKINLEY, J. C., Jr. (2017, October 5). After Scrutiny, Vance Returned $32,000 to Trump Lawyer. New York Times, A20.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Zwier, 2012).
This sentence cites two references (Kaib & Quinn, 2009; Zwier, 2012).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Kaib & Quinn, 2009)
Three authors: (Inoue et al., 2013)
6 or more authors: (McGregor et al., 2007)

About the journal

Full journal title	Infant Observation
ISSN (print)	1369-8036
ISSN (online)	1745-8943
Scope	Applied Psychology Clinical Psychology Developmental and Educational Psychology Social Psychology