How to format your references using the Hepatology International citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Hepatology International. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Shell KM. Climate change. Constraining cloud feedbacks. Science. 2012;338:755–6.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Zhang Z, Wang J. Long-range hybrid wedge plasmonic waveguide. Sci Rep. 2014;4:6870.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Gilestro GF, Tononi G, Cirelli C. Widespread changes in synaptic markers as a function of sleep and wakefulness in Drosophila. Science. 2009;324:109–12.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Houze RA Jr, Chen SS, Smull BF, Lee W-C, Bell MM. Hurricane intensity and eyewall replacement. Science. 2007;315:1235–9.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Allen M. Foundations of Forensic Document Analysis. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2015.

An edited book

1. Preedy VR, editor. Handbook of diet, nutrition and the skin. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Shultz L. Engaged Scholarship in a Time of the Corporatization of the University and Distrust of the Public Sphere. In: Shultz L, Kajner T, editors. Engaged Scholarship: The Politics of Engagement and Disengagement. Rotterdam: SensePublishers; 2013. p. 43–53.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Hepatology International.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. New Technology Allows Water Purification Using Sunlight [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/technology/new-technology-allows-water-purification-using-sunlight/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Weather Forecasting: Unmet Needs and Unknown Costs Warrant Reassessment of Observing System Plans. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1995 Apr. Report No.: AIMD-95-81.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Chotkevys DL. A grounded theory study to explore how nurses overcome barriers to spiritual care [Doctoral dissertation]. [Phoenix, AZ]: University of Phoenix; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Kanter J, Goldman R. Bomb Blast Is Set Off At Train Hub In Brussels. New York Times. 2017 Jun 20;A5.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Hepatology International
Abbreviation	Hepatol. Int.
ISSN (print)	1936-0533
ISSN (online)	1936-0541
Scope	Hepatology