How to format your references using the HardwareX citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for HardwareX. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

A. Balmford, Ecology. Pollution, politics, and vultures, Science. 339 (2013) 653–654.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

C.P. Conrad, C. Lithgow-Bertelloni, How mantle slabs drive plate tectonics, Science. 298 (2002) 207–209.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

A.J. Weymouth, T. Hofmann, F.J. Giessibl, Quantifying molecular stiffness and interaction with lateral force microscopy, Science. 343 (2014) 1120–1122.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

C. Bakal, J. Aach, G. Church, N. Perrimon, Quantitative morphological signatures define local signaling networks regulating cell morphology, Science. 316 (2007) 1753–1756.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Center for Chemical Process Safety, Guidelines for Auditing Process Safety Management Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 1992.

An edited book

[1]

E.S. Laber, C. Bornstein, L.T. Nogueira, L. Faria, eds., LATIN 2008: Theoretical Informatics: 8th Latin American Symposium, Búzios, Brazil, April 7-11, 2008. Proceedings, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2008.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

K.-A. Skevik, V. Goebel, T. Plagemann, Design, Prototype, and Evaluation of a Network Monitoring Library, in: C. Rong, M.G. Jaatun, F.E. Sandnes, L.T. Yang, J. Ma (Eds.), Autonomic and Trusted Computing: 5th International Conference, ATC 2008, Oslo, Norway, June 23-25, 2008 Proceedings, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2008: pp. 21–35.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for HardwareX.

Blog post

[1]

C. Carpineti, New Dead Sea Scrolls Cave Discovered In Israel, IFLScience. (2017).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Energy R&D: DOE’s Allocation of Funds for Basic and Applied Research and Development, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1990.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

C. Martinez, An after-school program at the middle school level for at-risk youth, Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

B. Mueller, A.L. Baker, Bullying Seen as Prelude to Classroom Stabbing, New York Times. (2017) A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	HardwareX
Abbreviation	HardwareX
ISSN (print)	2468-0672
Scope