How to format your references using the HAND citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for HAND. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Baillie JK. Translational genomics. Targeting the host immune response to fight infection. Science. 2014 May 23;344(6186):807–8.

A journal article with 2 authors

Lee E-J, Groisman EA. Control of a Salmonella virulence locus by an ATP-sensing leader messenger RNA. Nature. 2012 Jun 13;486(7402):271–5.

A journal article with 3 authors

Wake DB, Wake MH, Specht CD. Homoplasy: from detecting pattern to determining process and mechanism of evolution. Science. 2011 Feb 25;331(6020):1032–5.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Ott BM, Cruciger M, Dacks AM, Rio RVM. Hitchhiking of host biology by beneficial symbionts enhances transmission. Sci. Rep. 2014 Jul 25;4:5825.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Denham BE. Categorical Statistics for Communication Research. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2016.

An edited book

Milano G, Grasso A, editors. Shoulder Arthroscopy: Principles and Practice. London: Springer; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

Monnier P. Endoscopic Assessment of the Compromised Paediatric Airway. In: Monnier P, editor. Pediatric Airway Surgery: Management of Laryngotracheal Stenosis in Infants and Children. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011. p. 77–95.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for HAND.

Blog post

Andrews R. Worldwide Cyberattack Stopped After Sole Researcher Accidentally Discovers Kill Switch [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2017 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/technology/worldwide-cyberattack-stopped-after-sole-researcher-accidentally-discovers-kill-switch/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Information Technology Reform: Agencies Need to Increase Their Use of Incremental Development Practices. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2016 Aug. Report No.: GAO-16-469.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

DeReus DL. The correlation between career anchors and satisfaction - a comparative analysis of multiple affiliations under a single organizational structure [Doctoral dissertation]. [Minneapolis, MN]: Capella University; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Chauncey G. The Long Road to Marriage Equality. New York Times. 2013 Jun 26;A31.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [2].
This sentence cites two references [2,4].
This sentence cites four references [2,4,7,8].

About the journal

Full journal title	HAND
Abbreviation	Hand (N. Y.)
ISSN (print)	1558-9447
ISSN (online)	1558-9455
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Surgery