How to format your references using the HAND citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for HAND. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Guthrie RD. New carbon dates link climatic change with human colonization and Pleistocene extinctions. Nature. 2006 May 11;441(7090):207–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

Chirik PJ, Wieghardt K. Chemistry. Radical ligands confer nobility on base-metal catalysts. Science. 2010 Feb 12;327(5967):794–5.

A journal article with 3 authors

Veenstra GJ, Weeks DL, Wolffe AP. Distinct roles for TBP and TBP-like factor in early embryonic gene transcription in Xenopus. Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2312–5.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Ren Z-Y, Ingle S, Takahashi E, Hirano N, Hirata T. The chemical structure of the Hawaiian mantle plume. Nature. 2005 Aug 11;436(7052):837–40.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Anderson RJ, Groundwater PW, Todd A, Worsley AJ. Antibacterial Agents. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2012.

An edited book

Fragiskos FD, editor. Oral Surgery. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2007.

A chapter in an edited book

Choi J, Hwang H, Hong W. Predicting the Probability of Evacuation Congestion Occurrence Relating to Elapsed Time and Vertical Section in a High-rise Building. In: Peacock RD, Kuligowski ED, Averill JD, editors. Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2011. p. 37–46.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for HAND.

Blog post

Hale T. These GIFs Show You What It’s Like To Be Color Blind [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/these-gifs-show-you-what-it-s-like-to-be-color-blind/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Information Technology: DOD’s Acquisition Policies and Guidance Need to Incorporate Additional Best Practices and Controls. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2004 Jul. Report No.: GAO-04-722.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Khalili A. Spectrally formulated user-defined element in Abaqus for wave motion analysis and health monitoring of composite structures [Doctoral dissertation]. [Mississippi State, MS]: Mississippi State University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Eligon J. The Fight Card Often Features the Race Card. New York Times. 2017 Aug 25;D1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [2].
This sentence cites two references [3,4].
This sentence cites four references [3,4,7,8].

About the journal

Full journal title	HAND
Abbreviation	Hand (N. Y.)
ISSN (print)	1558-9447
ISSN (online)	1558-9455
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Surgery