How to format your references using the Geosphere citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Geosphere. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Nabel, G.J., 2005, Immunology. Close to the edge: neutralizing the HIV-1 envelope: Science (New York, N.Y.), v. 308, p. 1878–1879.

A journal article with 2 authors

Moscou, M.J., and Bogdanove, A.J., 2009, A simple cipher governs DNA recognition by TAL effectors: Science (New York, N.Y.), v. 326, p. 1501.

A journal article with 3 authors

Zou, H., Zindler, A., and Niu, Y., 2002, Constraints on melt movement beneath the East Pacific Rise from 230Th-238U disequilibrium: Science (New York, N.Y.), v. 295, p. 107–110.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Balestrini, L., Isolani, M.E., Pietra, D., Borghini, A., Bianucci, A.M., Deri, P., and Batistoni, R., 2014, Berberine exposure triggers developmental effects on planarian regeneration: Scientific reports, v. 4, p. 4914.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Dallas, H.J., 2015, Mastering the Challenges of Leading change: Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Escobar, S. (Ed.), 2010, Functional and Constraint Logic Programming: 18th International Workshop, WFLP 2009, Brasilia, Brazil, June 28, 2009, Revised Selected Papers: Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, v. 5979, IX, 179 p. 35 illus p.

A chapter in an edited book

Bidaud, P., 2011, Evolutionary Algorithms in the Design of Complex Robotic Systems, in Doncieux, S., Bredèche, N., and Mouret, J.-B. eds., New Horizons in Evolutionary Robotics: Extended Contributions from the 2009 EvoDeRob Workshop, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer, Studies in Computational Intelligence, p. 43–52.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Geosphere.

Blog post

Andrew, E., 2014, New Information On Nerve Repair May Bring Hope To Spinal Injury Patients: IFLScience, https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/new-information-nerve-repair-may-bring-hope-spinal-injury-patients/ (accessed October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1991, Air Travel: Passengers Could Be Better Informed of Their Rights: U.S. Government Printing Office RCED-91-156.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Compagna-Doll, V.A., 2017, Unearthing the Third: The Crone in Depth Psychotherapy [Doctoral dissertation]: Pacifica Graduate Institute.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Grynbaum, M.M., and Ember, S., 2017, Wall Street Journal Fires Reporter With Connections to Aviation Tycoon: New York Times, p. B4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Nabel, 2005).
This sentence cites two references (Nabel, 2005; Moscou and Bogdanove, 2009).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Moscou and Bogdanove, 2009)
Three or more authors: (Balestrini et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Geosphere
ISSN (online)	1553-040X
Scope	Geology Stratigraphy