How to format your references using the Geosphere citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Geosphere. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Perz, S.G., 2014, Sustainable development: The promise and perils of roads: Nature, v. 513, p. 178–179.

A journal article with 2 authors

Freidin, E., and Kacelnik, A., 2011, Rational choice, context dependence, and the value of information in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris): Science (New York, N.Y.), v. 334, p. 1000–1002.

A journal article with 3 authors

Long, S.B., Campbell, E.B., and Mackinnon, R., 2005, Voltage sensor of Kv1.2: structural basis of electromechanical coupling: Science (New York, N.Y.), v. 309, p. 903–908.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Luo, G.-F., Chen, W.-H., Liu, Y., Lei, Q., Zhuo, R.-X., and Zhang, X.-Z., 2014, Multifunctional enveloped mesoporous silica nanoparticles for subcellular co-delivery of drug and therapeutic peptide: Scientific reports, v. 4, p. 6064.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Chan, N.H., and Wong, H.Y., 2006, Simulation Techniques in Financial Risk Management: Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Dwyer, T., Purchase, H., and Delaney, A. (Eds.), 2014, Diagrammatic Representation and Inference: 8th International Conference, Diagrams 2014, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, July 28 – August 1, 2014. Proceedings: Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, v. 8578, XVIII, 311 p. 107 illus p.

A chapter in an edited book

Bertling, J., and Rommel, S., 2016, A Critical View of 3D Printing Regarding Industrial Mass Customization Versus Individual Desktop Fabrication, in Ferdinand, J.-P., Petschow, U., and Dickel, S. eds., The Decentralized and Networked Future of Value Creation: 3D Printing and its Implications for Society, Industry, and Sustainable Development, Cham, Springer International Publishing, Progress in IS, p. 75–105.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Geosphere.

Blog post

Hale, T., 2017, Images Appear To Show Broken Heroin Needles Stuck In Patient’s Neck: IFLScience,.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2001, Intercollegiate Athletics: Four-Year Colleges’ Experiences Adding and Discontinuing Teams: U.S. Government Printing Office GAO-01-297.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Englebrecht, K.M., 2012, Healing the invisible wounds: A grant proposal for female veterans suffering from PTSD [Doctoral dissertation]: California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly, K.K.K., formerly the on-air television critic for WNBC-TV’s ’ ’Live at Five, and ’ ’ teaches English to Amerasian children in Vietnam, 1990, A Polar Bear’s Picnic: New York Times, p. 514.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Perz, 2014).
This sentence cites two references (Freidin and Kacelnik, 2011; Perz, 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Freidin and Kacelnik, 2011)
Three or more authors: (Luo et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Geosphere
ISSN (online)	1553-040X
Scope	Geology Stratigraphy