How to format your references using the Geosphere citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Geosphere. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Holmes, N., 2008, Immunology. A splicing switch for T cells: Science (New York, N.Y.), v. 321, p. 646–647.

A journal article with 2 authors

Knapp, A.K., and Smith, M.D., 2001, Variation among biomes in temporal dynamics of aboveground primary production: Science (New York, N.Y.), v. 291, p. 481–484.

A journal article with 3 authors

Asbury, C.L., Fehr, A.N., and Block, S.M., 2003, Kinesin moves by an asymmetric hand-over-hand mechanism: Science (New York, N.Y.), v. 302, p. 2130–2134.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Smith, K.L., Jr, Robison, B.H., Helly, J.J., Kaufmann, R.S., Ruhl, H.A., Shaw, T.J., Twining, B.S., and Vernet, M., 2007, Free-drifting icebergs: hot spots of chemical and biological enrichment in the Weddell Sea: Science (New York, N.Y.), v. 317, p. 478–482.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Todeschini, R., and Baccini, A., 2016, Handbook of Bibliometric Indicators: Weinheim, Germany, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

An edited book

Su, J., Zhao, B., Sun, Z., Wang, X., Wang, F., and Xu, K. (Eds.), 2013, Frontiers in Internet Technologies: Second CCF Internet Conference of China, ICoC 2013, Zhangjiajie, China, July 10, 2013, Revised Selected Papers: Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer, Communications in Computer and Information Science, v. 401, XII, 277 p. 132 illus p.

A chapter in an edited book

Khelalef, A., Ababsa, F., and Benoudjit, N., 2016, A Simple Human Activity Recognition Technique Using DCT, in Blanc-Talon, J., Distante, C., Philips, W., Popescu, D., and Scheunders, P. eds., Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems: 17th International Conference, ACIVS 2016, Lecce, Italy, October 24-27, 2016, Proceedings, Cham, Springer International Publishing, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, p. 37–46.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Geosphere.

Blog post

Andrew, E., 2015, Our Peripheral Vision Is Far More Sophisticated Than We Thought: IFLScience, https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/our-peripheral-vision-far-more-sophisticated-we-thought/ (accessed October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2015, School-Meals Programs: Additional Verification Could Help USDA Ensure Legitimate Access: U.S. Government Printing Office GAO-15-594T.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Gros, T.R., 2009, A templated agarose scaffold for axon guidance in the central and peripheral nervous system [Doctoral dissertation]: University of California San Diego.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Eligon, J., 2014, Undercover TV Reports on School Security Raise Ethical Questions: New York Times, p. B1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Holmes, 2008).
This sentence cites two references (Knapp and Smith, 2001; Holmes, 2008).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Knapp and Smith, 2001)
Three or more authors: (Smith et al., 2007)

About the journal

Full journal title	Geosphere
ISSN (online)	1553-040X
Scope	Geology Stratigraphy