How to format your references using the Geoscience Letters citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Geoscience Letters. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kemp M (2003) The Mona Lisa of modern science. Nature 421:416–420

A journal article with 2 authors

Alexandrakis G, Poulos SΕ (2014) An holistic approach to beach erosion vulnerability assessment. Sci Rep 4:6078

A journal article with 3 authors

Huber GW, Shabaker JW, Dumesic JA (2003) Raney Ni-Sn catalyst for H2 production from biomass-derived hydrocarbons. Science 300:2075–2077

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Saeij JPJ, Boyle JP, Coller S, et al (2006) Polymorphic secreted kinases are key virulence factors in toxoplasmosis. Science 314:1780–1783

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Villalta T (2012) The Large-Cap Portfolio. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Liu Z, Ukida H, Ramuhalli P, Niel K (eds) (2015) Integrated Imaging and Vision Techniques for Industrial Inspection: Advances and Applications, 1st ed. 2015. Springer, London

A chapter in an edited book

Maglogiannis I (2009) Introducing Intelligence in Electronic Healthcare Systems: State of the Art and Future Trends. In: Bramer M (ed) Artificial Intelligence An International Perspective: An International Perspective. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 71–90

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Geoscience Letters.

Blog post

O`Callaghan J (2015) Bird Flu Confirmed On UK Farm. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/bird-flu-confirmed-lancashire-farm-prompts-mass-cull-poultry/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1993) Amtrak Safety: Amtrak Should Implement Minimum Safety Standards for Passenger Cars. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Nguyen C (2010) A psychoeducational support group for Vietnamese American family caregivers of stroke survivors: Grant writing thesis proposal. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Feeney K (2008) No ‘Yucks’ Allowed. New York Times NJ8

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Kemp 2003).
This sentence cites two references (Kemp 2003; Alexandrakis and Poulos 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Alexandrakis and Poulos 2014)
Three or more authors: (Saeij et al. 2006)

About the journal

Full journal title	Geoscience Letters
Abbreviation	Geosci. Lett.
ISSN (online)	2196-4092
Scope