How to format your references using the GEM - International Journal on Geomathematics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for GEM - International Journal on Geomathematics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Fenton, N.: Science and law: Improve statistics in court. Nature. 479, 36–37 (2011)

A journal article with 2 authors

Guenther, M.G., Young, R.A.: Transcription. Repressive transcription. Science. 329, 150–151 (2010)

A journal article with 3 authors

Thornalley, D.J.R., Elderfield, H., McCave, I.N.: Holocene oscillations in temperature and salinity of the surface subpolar North Atlantic. Nature. 457, 711–714 (2009)

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Káradóttir, R., Cavelier, P., Bergersen, L.H., Attwell, D.: NMDA receptors are expressed in oligodendrocytes and activated in ischaemia. Nature. 438, 1162–1166 (2005)

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Zarbock, G., Lynch, S., Ammann, A., Ringer, S.: Mindfulness for Therapists. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK (2014)

An edited book

Ronzitti, G. ed: Vagueness: A Guide. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht (2011)

A chapter in an edited book

Eisfeld, B.: Turbulence Models in FLOWer. In: Kroll, N. and Fassbender, J.K. (eds.) MEGAFLOW - Numerical Flow Simulation for Aircraft Design: Results of the second phase of the German CFD initiative MEGAFLOW, presented during its closing symposium at DLR, Braunschweig, Germany, December 10 and 11, 2002. pp. 63–77. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2005)

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for GEM - International Journal on Geomathematics.

Blog post

Andrew, E.: Would You Eat Synthetic Shrimp?, https://www.iflscience.com/environment/startup-making-synthetic-lab-grown-shrimp/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Telecommunications: Actions Needed for Better Management of Public Safety Spectrum. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1988)

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Parker, E.C.: Perceptions of youth with diabetes and their parents/guardians about youth eating habits and nutrition-related difficulties, (2010)

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Feeney, K.: Macarons of Her Own, (2011)

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Fenton 2011).
This sentence cites two references (Fenton 2011; Guenther and Young 2010).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Guenther and Young 2010)
Three or more authors: (Káradóttir et al. 2005)

About the journal

Full journal title	GEM - International Journal on Geomathematics
Abbreviation	GEM Int. J. Geomath.
ISSN (print)	1869-2672
ISSN (online)	1869-2680
Scope	General Earth and Planetary Sciences Modelling and Simulation