How to format your references using the GEM - International Journal on Geomathematics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for GEM - International Journal on Geomathematics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Janka, H.-T.: Astronomy. The secrets behind supernovae. Science. 297, 1134–1135 (2002)

A journal article with 2 authors

Purugganan, M.D., Fuller, D.Q.: The nature of selection during plant domestication. Nature. 457, 843–848 (2009)

A journal article with 3 authors

Imai, T., Suzuki, M., Sakano, H.: Odorant receptor-derived cAMP signals direct axonal targeting. Science. 314, 657–661 (2006)

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Hu, X., Kang, J., Lu, K., Zhou, R., Mu, L., Zhou, Q.: Graphene oxide amplifies the phytotoxicity of arsenic in wheat. Sci. Rep. 4, 6122 (2014)

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Carver, R.H., Tai, K.-C.: Modern Multithreading. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ (2005)

An edited book

Cuzzocrea, A., Kittl, C., Simos, D.E., Weippl, E., Xu, L. eds: Security Engineering and Intelligence Informatics: CD-ARES 2013 Workshops: MoCrySEn and SeCIHD, Regensburg, Germany, September 2-6, 2013. Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2013)

A chapter in an edited book

Clark, S., Blaze, M., Smith, J.: Blood in the Water. In: Christianson, B. and Malcolm, J. (eds.) Security Protocols XVIII: 18th International Workshop, Cambridge, UK, March 24-26, 2010, Revised Selected Papers. pp. 12–17. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2014)

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for GEM - International Journal on Geomathematics.

Blog post

Andrew, E.: New Baby Dinosaur Fossil Reveals Cause of Death, https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/new-baby-dinosaur-fossil-reveals-cause-death/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: School Meal Programs: Few Outbreaks of Foodborne Illness Reported. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (2000)

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Robert, L.A.: The impact of community-based mentoring on African American boys using an attribution-retraining curriculum, (2015)

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Robbins, L.: Despite ‘Sanctuary City’ Policy, Mayor Says New York Complies With U.S. Law, (2017)

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Janka 2002).
This sentence cites two references (Janka 2002; Purugganan and Fuller 2009).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Purugganan and Fuller 2009)
Three or more authors: (Hu et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	GEM - International Journal on Geomathematics
Abbreviation	GEM Int. J. Geomath.
ISSN (print)	1869-2672
ISSN (online)	1869-2680
Scope	General Earth and Planetary Sciences Modelling and Simulation