How to format your references using the Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America (GEC). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kaiser D. The search for clean cash. Nature 2011;472(7341):30–1.

A journal article with 2 authors

Gogotsi Y., Simon P. Materials science. True performance metrics in electrochemical energy storage. Science 2011;334(6058):917–8.

A journal article with 3 authors

Park S-J., Taton TA., Mirkin CA. Array-based electrical detection of DNA with nanoparticle probes. Science 2002;295(5559):1503–6.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Kemper F., Jäger C., Waters LBFM., et al. Detection of carbonates in dust shells around evolved stars. Nature 2002;415(6869):295–7.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Cook M. Personnel Selection. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2008.

An edited book

Barnhill RL., Piepkorn MW., Busam KJ. Pathology of Melanocytic Nevi and Melanoma. 3rd ed. 2014. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

Hui P., Buza N. Uterine Mesenchymal Tumors. In: Buza N, editor. Atlas of Intraoperative Frozen Section Diagnosis in Gynecologic Pathology. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015. p. 95–140.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America.

Blog post

Andrew E. Male Hummingbirds Use Beaks As Daggers To Stab Opponents’ Throats. IFLScience. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/male-hummingbirds-use-beaks-daggers-stab-opponents-throats/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Information Systems: Agencies Overlook Security Controls During Development. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1988.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Bourne BB. Phenomenological study of response to organizational change: Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y. Doctoral dissertation, University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Vecsey G. Semifinals Remain an Inner Sanctum Until Further Notice. New York Times 2014:D1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America
Abbreviation	Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am.
ISSN (print)	1052-5157
ISSN (online)	1558-1950
Scope	Gastroenterology