How to format your references using the Acta Orthopaedica citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Acta Orthopaedica. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Wilczek F. Journal club. A theoretical physicist examines exotic particles lurking in new materials. Nature. 2009;458(7235):129.

A journal article with 2 authors

Cerdán PD, Chory J. Regulation of flowering time by light quality. Nature. 2003;423(6942):881–5.

A journal article with 3 authors

Kellis M, Birren BW, Lander ES. Proof and evolutionary analysis of ancient genome duplication in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nature. 2004;428(6983):617–24.

A journal article with 99 or more authors

Morito D, Nishikawa K, Hoseki J, Kitamura A, Kotani Y, Kiso K, Kinjo M, Fujiyoshi Y, Nagata K. Moyamoya disease-associated protein mysterin/RNF213 is a novel AAA+ ATPase, which dynamically changes its oligomeric state. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4442.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bouvier J-M, Campanella OH. Extrusion Processing Technology. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2014.

An edited book

Grady M. The Shawshank Experience: Tracking the History of the World’s Favorite Movie. Magistrale T, editor. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan US; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

Mui R, Frankl P. Preventing Web Application Injections with Complementary Character Coding. In: Atluri V, Diaz C, editors. Computer Security – ESORICS 2011: 16th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security, Leuven, Belgium, September 12-14,2011 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011. p. 80–99.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Acta Orthopaedica.

Blog post

Andrew E. NASA Missions May Re-Elevate Pluto And Ceres From Dwarf Planets To Full-On Planet Status. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Aviation Security: Significant Management Challenges May Adversely Affect Implementation of the Transportation Security Administration’s Secure Flight Program. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2006 Feb. Report No.: GAO-06-374T.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Levy MR. Visual perception and Gestalt grouping in the landscape: Are Gestalt grouping prinicples reliable indicators of visual preference? [Doctoral dissertation]. [Mississippi State, MS]: Mississippi State University; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Billard M. A New Bag, A New Space. New York Times. 2010;E9.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Wilczek 2009).
This sentence cites two references (Cerdán and Chory 2003, Wilczek 2009).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Cerdán and Chory 2003)
Three or more authors: (Morito et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Acta Orthopaedica
Abbreviation	Acta Orthop.
ISSN (print)	1745-3674
ISSN (online)	1745-3682
Scope	General Medicine Orthopedics and Sports Medicine