How to format your references using the Acta Orthopaedica citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Acta Orthopaedica. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Binder P-M. Mathematics. Frustration in complexity. Science. 2008;320(5874):322–3.

A journal article with 2 authors

Stoltz DB, Whitfield JB. Virology. Making nice with viruses. Science. 2009;323(5916):884–5.

A journal article with 3 authors

Song W, Kinloch IA, Windle AH. Nematic liquid crystallinity of multiwall carbon nanotubes. Science. 2003;302(5649):1363.

A journal article with 99 or more authors

Zhang L, Ding X, Cui J, Xu H, Chen J, Gong Y-N, Hu L, Zhou Y, Ge J, Lu Q, Liu L, Chen S, Shao F. Cysteine methylation disrupts ubiquitin-chain sensing in NF-κB activation. Nature. 2011;481(7380):204–8.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Coenen T. Essentials of Corporate Fraud. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2008.

An edited book

Vinh PC, Hung NM, Tung NT, Suzuki J, editors. Context-Aware Systems and Applications: First International Conference, ICCASA 2012, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, November 26-27, 2012, Revised Selected Papers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

Fecher H, Leucker M, Wolf V. Don’t Know in Probabilistic Systems. In: Valmari A, editor. Model Checking Software: 13th International SPIN Workshop, Vienna, Austria, March 30 - April 1, 2006 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2006. p. 71–88.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Acta Orthopaedica.

Blog post

Andrews R. Watch A Drone Fire Irradiated Moths Onto Cotton Crops. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Microwave Landing Systems: Additional Systems Should Not Be Procured Unless Benefits Proven. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1988 May. Report No.: RCED-88-118.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Patel VM. Sparse and redundant representations for inverse problems and recognition [Doctoral dissertation]. [College Park, MD]: University of Maryland, College Park; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Harney J. A Hack for Dissidents: Cover the Phone’s Lens. New York Times. 2016;A8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Binder 2008).
This sentence cites two references (Binder 2008, Stoltz and Whitfield 2009).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Stoltz and Whitfield 2009)
Three or more authors: (Zhang et al. 2011)

About the journal

Full journal title	Acta Orthopaedica
Abbreviation	Acta Orthop.
ISSN (print)	1745-3674
ISSN (online)	1745-3682
Scope	General Medicine Orthopedics and Sports Medicine

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