How to format your references using the Frontline Gastroenterology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Frontline Gastroenterology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Lenski RE. No mercy. Science. 2000;290:936a.

A journal article with 2 authors

Khakh BS, North RA. P2X receptors as cell-surface ATP sensors in health and disease. Nature. 2006;442:527–32.

A journal article with 3 authors

El-Ali J, Sorger PK, Jensen KF. Cells on chips. Nature. 2006;442:403–11.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Tripati A, Backman J, Elderfield H, et al. Eocene bipolar glaciation associated with global carbon cycle changes. Nature. 2005;436:341–6.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Grotewold E, Chappell J, Kellogg EA. Plant Genes, Genomes and Genetics. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 2015.

An edited book

Lavretsky E. Robust and Adaptive Control: With Aerospace Applications. London: Springer 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

Drugman T, Bozkurt B, Dutoit T. Glottal Source Estimation Using an Automatic Chirp Decomposition. In: Solé-Casals J, Zaiats V, eds. Advances in Nonlinear Speech Processing: International Conference on Nonlinear Speech Processing, NOLISP 2009, Vic, Spain, June 25-27. Revised Selected Papers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer 2010:35–42.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Frontline Gastroenterology.

Blog post

Davis J. World’s Poorest Nations Pledge To Go 100% Renewable ‘As Rapidly As Possible’. IFLScience. 2016. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/worlds-poorest-nations-pledge-to-go-100-renewable-as-rapidly-as-possible/ (accessed 30 October 2018)

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Airport Improvement Program: Planned Funding Under Letters of Intent. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office 1998.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Siczek MM. Negotiating Socioacademic Space: The Lived Experience of International Second-Language Students in a Mainstream First-year Writing Course. 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Schwartz J. Debate on Pulling Back From Paris Climate Deal Could Turn on a Single Phrase. New York Times. 2017;A17.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Frontline Gastroenterology
Abbreviation	Frontline Gastroenterol.
ISSN (print)	2041-4137
ISSN (online)	2041-4145
Scope