How to format your references using the Fractal and Fractional citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Fractal and Fractional. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kreeger, K. Training Programmes with Vision. Nature 2002, 417, 5.

A journal article with 2 authors

Mears, C.A.; Wentz, F.J. The Effect of Diurnal Correction on Satellite-Derived Lower Tropospheric Temperature. Science 2005, 309, 1548–1551.

A journal article with 3 authors

Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, M.; Sakbodin, M.; Wang, Z. Regenerative Adsorption and Removal of H2S from Hot Fuel Gas Streams by Rare Earth Oxides. Science 2006, 312, 1508–1510.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Hildebrandt, D.; Glasser, D.; Hausberger, B.; Patel, B.; Glasser, B.J. Chemistry. Producing Transportation Fuels with Less Work. Science 2009, 323, 1680–1681.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Buckel, W.; Kleiner, R. Supraleitung; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA: Weinheim, Germany, 2012; ISBN 9783527668670.

An edited book

Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures; Selin, H., Ed.; Springer Netherlands: Dordrecht, 2016; ISBN 9789400777460.

A chapter in an edited book

Hanrahan, H. Toward Consensus Global Standards for Quality Assurance of Engineering Programmes. In Engineering Education Quality Assurance: A Global Perspective; Patil, A., Gray, P., Eds.; Springer US: Boston, MA, 2009; pp. 51–71 ISBN 9781441905543.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Fractal and Fractional.

Blog post

Andrew, E. New Solar Storm Forecasting Technique Breaks The 24-Hour Warning Barrier For Earth Available online: https://www.iflscience.com/space/new-solar-storm-forecasting-technique-breaks-24-hour-warning-barrier-earth/ (accessed on 30 October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office Battlefield Automation: Better Justification and Testing Needed for Common Computer Acquisition; U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1987;

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Kent, L. Justification-Suppression of Gender and Race Bias in Hiring: The Impact of Accountability. Doctoral dissertation, Southern Illinois University: Edwardsville, IL, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse, L. Passengers Granted Same Right as Drivers. New York Times 2007, A12.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Fractal and Fractional
Abbreviation	Fractal Fract.
ISSN (online)	2504-3110
Scope